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A6+question/11351.htmlWhat exactly was Lagrange's "grave mistake" with respect to rotating bodies under hydrostatic equilibrium? A6[question/11352.htmlNotation from Weyl's algebraic number theory book A6-question/11355.htmlWhat technology did researchers use to write scientific papers before the computer? A6yquestion/11356.htmlWhat is the origin of "banana brackets"? A6/question/11358.htmlWhere did Euler prove 'his' theorem on homogeneous functions? A60question/11361.htmlWas Lagrange aware of Hamiltonian mechanics? A61question/11363.htmlSuperscripts and constants in Diophantus’ Arithmetica A62question/11371.htmlWhere did Krull dimension and zero-dimensional ideals come from? A63question/11374.htmlWhat were the not-so-convincing reasons for using the word "power" for power sets? A64question/11375.htmlWhen did trigonometry start using negative numbers? A65question/11379.htmlWhat was Lagrange's contribution to the Knights Tour Problem? A66question/11381.htmlWhen was the speed of a bullet or cannon ball first measured? A67question/11385.htmlWhat are the context and motivation for Gauss's study of the "Pothenot problem"? A68question/11387.htmlWhen did the concept of palindromic sequences first appear in mathematics? A69question/11389.htmlPlagiarism at the turn of 20th century A6:question/11393.htmlWho discovered pigeonhole principle in mathematics? A6^question/11396.htmlDid Baudhayan publish Pythagoras theorem before Pythagoras? A6<question/11397.htmlIs there any scientist whose work was not recognised during his/her lifetime and was underestimated? A6=question/11399.htmlWhere can I get early 20th century books on electronics and mathematics? A6>question/11401.htmlDid Newton invent convex hulls? A6?question/11402.htmlWhen and how did people learn of air resistance? A6@question/11403.htmlWhat did G.H. Hardy teach Ramanujan? A6Aquestion/11405.htmlAre there any important scientific discoveries, or inventions, that could have been made much earlier in history? A6Bquestion/11408.htmlWhat was Littlewood's quip about Hardy and plagiarism? A6Cquestion/11411.htmlWho pioneered the study of the sedenions? A6Dquestion/11417.htmlIs there a reason $⊑$ in CSP is analogous to $⊇$ (as opposed to $⊆$)? A6Equestion/11426.htmlWho introduced the "dagger"symbol as conjugate transpose in quantum mechanics? A6Fquestion/11430.htmlWere Christoffel symbols used by Riemann? A6Gquestion/11433.htmlWhat is the reasoning behind using "moment" in the "moment of inertia"? A6Hquestion/11434.htmlWhen was the first recorded occurence of irrational and imaginary number usage in number theory? A6Iquestion/11442.htmlAdvance of the perihelion of Mercury A6Jquestion/11447.htmlWhat kinds of differential equations were solved on the early differential analyzer? A6Kquestion/11448.htmlWhat did Dieudonne mean by "Theories in a state of dilution"? A6Lquestion/11449.htmlDid James Clerk Maxwell derive the permittivity of free space from his "Maxwell's" equations or was the parameter already known by him? A6Mquestion/11450.htmlWhen and how was the water cycle discovered? A6Nquestion/11451.htmlThe Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy A6Oquestion/11455.htmlDénes Kőnig vs. König's Lemma A6Pquestion/11462.htmlWhere can one find the source of Fourier's recollections of his professors? A6Qquestion/11464.htmlHow did 19th century physicists do their undergraduate/graduate studies? A6Rquestion/11465.htmlFirst paper introducing the concept of four-vectors A6`question/11469.htmlWere Gauss's 1846 remarks on the distinction between right and left related to orientability of surfaces? A6Tquestion/11470.htmlDid the recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics for the electroweak theory work independently of each other? A6Uquestion/11473.htmlWho first solved the classical harmonic oscillator? A6Vquestion/11477.htmlAlternatives to «Lost in math: how beauty leads physics astray» by Sabine Hossenfelder? A6Wquestion/11479.htmlWas the oldest Chinese calendar a solar calendar? A6Xquestion/11480.htmlDid scientists at some point believe that *everything* is made out of atoms? A6Yquestion/11481.htmlDid pre-Galilean astronomy inspire Mach's principle? A6Zquestion/11482.htmlWhat made Newton realize that the law of gravitation was 'universal'? A6question/11483.htmlThe history of the equation $\boldsymbol {Et}-\boldsymbol {tE}=\frac{h}{2\pi i}$ A6\question/11484.htmlDid scientists at some point believe that *everything* is made out of atoms? A6]question/11489.htmlWhen was the Laguerre's method first used to approximate roots? A6xquestion/11491.htmlHow did Weibull derive the three parameter Weibull distribution? A6_question/11496.htmlWhy is one meter as long as it is? A7/question/11497.htmlCan you provide pages 7, 8, 25 of the 1969 edition of the Art of Computer Programming? A6aquestion/11499.htmlOrigin of $\ll$ notation A6bquestion/11505.htmlWhere did the Delannoy numbers make their first appearance? A6cquestion/11507.htmlWhen is the first use of Newton's method for root finding? A6dquestion/11515.htmlWhy do some people represent vectors with overbars while others use underlines? A6equestion/11518.htmlDid Weizsäcker's change his mind about time being a fundamental object? A6fquestion/11520.htmlWas Tesla the only scientist whose possessions were confiscated by secret services? A6gquestion/11521.htmlWhat is the etymology of "phase space" of a dynamical system? A6hquestion/11524.htmlDoes the word "God" appear regularly in the works of Joseph Lagrange? A6iquestion/11531.htmlWhen was the problem of factoring integers explicitly considered, what was the oldest factoring algorithm? A6jquestion/11532.htmlHow did Cramer's work on permutations influence early pre-group theory (particularly the work of Lagrange and Vandermonde)? A6kquestion/11542.htmlQuotation about $\pi$ and the number of deaths A6lquestion/11548.htmlConjectures mentioned (and proposed) at International Congresses of Mathematics A6mquestion/11549.htmlLawrence and Segre: Further information about relationship A6nquestion/11550.htmlWas Von Neumann and Birkhoff's original formulation of Quantum Logic related with projective geometry? A6oquestion/11552.htmlWhen did computer pioneers realize that some problems are intrinsically hard? A6pquestion/11553.htmlWhy did Jordan introduce his canonical form? A6qquestion/11556.htmlWhat is the first reference to a nondeterministic Turing machine? A6rquestion/11560.htmlWhat is a spacetime continuum? A6squestion/11562.htmlWho originally worked out the magnetic field produced by a solenoid and toroid? A6tquestion/11563.htmlQuestion about Hermite's 1858 solution to the quintic equation using elliptic modular functions and it's relation to Gauss' and Jacobi's work A6uquestion/11565.htmlHow much ground was prepared for Riemann so that he could conjecture Riemann hypothesis? A6vquestion/11566.htmlWhy do Thai numerals look so different than Arabic numerals? A6wquestion/11567.htmlHistorical accounts of a oft-cited quip by astronomer Walter Baade A6}question/11568.htmlDid Ptolemy and other Greek scientists actually measure the distance to the Sun? A6question/11569.htmlEtymology of certain terms in the theory of elliptic integrals A6zquestion/11571.htmlBooks on elliptic functions A6{question/11573.htmlFor many years, were Emmy Noether and Helene Braun the only female mathematicians to obtain habilitation at Göttingen University? A6|question/11576.htmlHow many important logicians did NOT receive doctoral degrees? A6question/11579.htmlPortrait of Stephen Butterworth A6~question/11580.htmlWhy is a linear equation in 3 variables called 'linear'? A6question/11586.htmlHistory of exponential notation for the set of functions between two sets A6question/11590.htmlDid Heisenberg ever accept Schrödinger's formulation of quantum mechanics, or at least did he relax his negative views about it? A6question/11593.htmlwhich country launched N-95 mask for the first time? A6question/11595.htmlApéry’s mysterious recurrence relation A6question/11596.htmlWhy were equivalence classes named classes rather than sets? A6question/11598.htmlHow did Eratosthenes know the distance between Aswan and Alexandria? A6question/11600.htmlWhat are the sources for Democritus’ experiment of dividing a shell down to its atoms? A6question/11604.htmlWhen did the concept of probability density explicitly appear in mathematics? A6question/11605.htmlWho superseded Peano's dot notation in symbolic logic and when? A6question/11613.htmlHow did cartographers of past centuries determine latitude and longitude? A6question/11615.htmlWho introduced 1/T=δS/δU and when? A6question/11616.htmlWhen did the study of the rate of convergence of algorithms begin? A6question/11617.htmlWhat did people understand heat and temperature to be in Clausius' time? A6question/11618.htmlWhen and where did scientific publications become the norm in mathematics? A6question/11621.htmlDid Lagrange make any noteworthy contribution to the philosophy of mathematics? A6question/11623.htmlWho discovered the indeterminate forms like 0/0? A6question/11624.htmlWhat is the origin of the term (non-)derogatory matrix? A6question/11629.htmlDid Einstein or the scientific community know about quantum tunneling during the EPR debates? A6question/11631.htmlIs there any historical evidence of this quote E.T. Bell attributed to C.G.J. Jacobi? A6question/11635.htmlOrigin of O/L for false/true in German computer-science texts A6question/11636.htmlWere there doubts that Voigt's time dilation was correct rather than Einstein's? A6question/11639.htmlHow could the Roman Empire manage their accounting without a proper number system? A6question/11645.htmlUse of kT for energy of a wave? A6question/11646.htmlHow did Jenner and his contemporaries understand vaccination before germ theory of disease? A6question/11648.htmlWere epicycloids from astronomy acceptable curves in Greek geometry? A6question/11652.htmlWhat was Sir Issac Newton's thoughts on the origin of the Universe? A6question/11653.htmlWhat was the first electronic computer? A6question/11655.htmlArithmetic calculation before the 17th Century A6question/11658.htmlNatura non facit saltus (nature does not make jumps), who said that? A6question/11663.htmlWhat actions and communications did Fibonacci undergo to introduce the Hindu-Arabic Number System to Europe? 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A7'question/11696.htmlWhat letters are used in this paper by Halin (1976)? A6question/11697.htmlWho first discovered or invented the concept of "muscle memory"? A6question/11702.htmlWere $\sigma$-algebras defined for probability? A6question/11706.htmlIs there any paper on how Viete may have came up with his algebraic notation? A6question/11711.htmlWhat was Gauss' opinion of Lagrange,Laplace and Euler? A6question/11712.htmlWho in history coined the term "character" of a group and why is it called so? A6question/11717.htmlWhat is the history of electricity A6question/11719.htmlWas Joseph Priestley "isolated" A6question/11720.htmlQuote from ancient scholar: that a leader cannot be neutral, he must chose a side A6question/11723.htmlHow was a material independent temperature scale created? A6question/11724.htmlWhy are faithful actions called faithful and who first called them faithful? A6question/11725.htmlHow to get to Planck’s radiation law as Planck did it (warts and all)? 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A6question/11815.htmlHandbook of proofs A6question/11816.htmlWhat is the etymology of the mathematical terms "sheaf, stalk, germ"? A6question/11817.htmlWhy is a time series not called a time sequence? A6question/11821.htmlHow transparency was explained by corpuscular theory and Young/Fresnel's wave theory A6question/11829.htmlWhat mathematics did Isaac Newton learn at school? A6question/11830.htmlWhy didn't French people take the decimal positional system? A6question/11833.htmlHow was mathematics used in World War II to "act on the right amount of intelligence"? A6question/11834.htmlWhat problem was solved by introducing the dimension of a vector space? A6question/11839.htmlWhat is the source of Einstein's quote "spooky action at a distance"? A6question/11841.htmlHistory of $\sin(nx) = 2^{n-1} \prod_{0}^{n-1} \sin\left(x + \frac{\pi k}{n}\right)$ A6question/11842.htmlIs there a way to search through the early journal issues of "Nature" and "Science" and read the issues online? 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A6question/11888.htmlWho first identified $\frac{n}{\ln(n)}$ as an approximation of a prime counting function? A6question/11891.htmlIs there an etymological dictionary of terms in physics? A6question/11893.htmlCould a "field" have non-commutative multiplication originally? A7question/11896.htmlWere the kilogram, the grave, etc. meant to be units of weight, units of mass, or was it ambiguous at the time? A7question/11902.htmlNobel Prize for Applied Mathematics A6question/11903.htmlWhat did scientific research look like during the colonial era of British America? A7question/11905.htmlLessons from apparent paradoxes in geometric limits A7question/11910.htmlReference for Euler's Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum A7question/11913.htmlDid John Von Neumann hate pure mathematics that became too abstract? A7question/11914.htmlIs there an English translation of Kronecker's proof of Infinitude of primes? A7question/11915.htmlWhen and where was Legendre's Conjecture first published? 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A7question/11945.htmlNewton as the first one to establish numerical analysis as a new field of study A7rquestion/11946.htmlHow large were the differences in the orbit of Uranus which led to the calculation of the existence of Neptune? A7question/11949.htmlWhat mathematical theorems were known in the Americas prior to European contact? A7question/11952.htmlWhat astronomy efforts required multiplication of large numbers around 1600? A7question/11954.htmlIn which article/book chapter did Cantor, Hibert, and Poincare formally defined or directly discussed the term “potential infinity”? A7question/11956.htmlInterpretation of a short note of Gauss on the resolution of a special system of inhomogeneous linear equations by roots of unity A7question/11957.htmlWho discovered the thin lens equation $\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{f}$? A7question/11958.htmlWhere is this statement of Bourbaki's Dieudonné from and what does it mean? A7question/11959.htmlWhat was considered Evolutionary Science or Biology proper in 1880-1890 in the US? A7question/11961.htmlWhat are the direct predecessors of Lagrange's theory of quadratic forms? A7question/11962.htmlWhat was the optical problem discussed and solved by Gauss in his 1831 letter to Brandes? A7question/11969.htmlWhen was the function 1 + cos(x), aka the vercosine, given a name? A7question/11970.htmlHow did Kolmogorov came up with his formalization of intuitionistic logic? A7question/11971.htmlWhat mathematical problems did the Sicilians need Arab help with in 1229? Did the Arabs solve these problems? A7question/11973.htmlWhy do we use Leibniz's “version” of calculus instead of Newton's? A7question/11975.htmlWho introduced the comma notation for partial derivatives? A7question/11977.htmlDid Kolmogorov complexity influence the development of communication complexity? A7question/11982.htmlHow did Yao came up with his minimum spanning tree algorithm? A7 question/11985.htmlWhen and how was it discovered that the sun was in different positions depending upon longitude? A7!question/11989.htmlThe Roman numeral system continues to lack a zero digit today. Would zero ever get its own Roman numeral digit in the future? A7"question/11994.htmlWhen was the earliest usage of diagrams to represent set relations? A7#question/11995.htmlHas any large group of people used a base other than 10, 20 and 60 for ordinary purposes? A7$question/11996.htmlHow well was alcoholism understood at a time when people drank chronically? A7%question/11999.htmlWhat was the first "scientific", non-photographic depiction of Earth as seen from outside of Earth? A*question/12.htmlDid the Digges Telescope actually exist? A7&question/12008.htmlWas Herschel ever inspired to write music through his astronomy research? A7Cquestion/12014.htmlWho is the lady on the image? A7(question/12025.htmlHow did human beings come to realize the concept of counting numbers? A7)question/12026.htmlWhat existing theorems were utilized to develop the Prospect Theory formulated by Kahneman and Tversky? A7*question/12029.htmlDid Galen make any theoretical contributions to the experimental science? A7+question/12031.htmlWhy so hard to find references to pictures of Raymond Boyce? A7,question/12039.htmlA Reference in Klein's Book A7-question/12040.htmlQuestion about the meaning of an important footnote to entry 109 in Gauss's diary A7.question/12043.htmlWhat steps did Richard Feynman take to devise his Integral Trick? A70question/12051.htmlEinstein visited former teacher/professor who thought he wanted to borrow money: who might that have been? A71question/12052.htmlNewton's evaluation of 1 + 1/3 - 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 + 1/11 A72question/12056.htmlWhy is the "universal trigonometric substitution" called "Weierstrass's substitution"? A73question/12057.htmlWhat happened to cybernetics? A74question/12059.htmlWho identified the four basic types of animal tissue? A76question/12061.htmlHeisenberg's Obituary to Pauli A75question/12064.htmlWhat did Newton's teacher contribute to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus? A7Dquestion/12068.htmlInscribing equilateral triangle in square — mistake in historical work by Abu'l-Wafa Al-Buzjani? A77question/12073.htmlWas Lagrange the first to have used generalized coordinates? A78question/12074.htmlWho studied kinematics before Galileo? Did Galileo base his kinematic research on the previous work of any other scientist? A79question/12077.htmlWhy is it that so many early astronomers and cosmologists wanted to believe in a static/infinite/eternal Universe? A7:question/12078.htmlWhat were the original techniques used to study CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants? Who first employed these methods? A7;question/12079.htmlWhat was Newton's road to his discovery of "Puiseux series" and "Newton polygon"? A7<question/12081.htmlHistory of: Galaxy rotation rate estimates A7=question/12083.htmlIn which year, people found that sun is not the only star in the universe? A7>question/12087.htmlEinstein: 'SR is a theory of invariants, not relativity' -- source? A7?question/12089.htmlMeaning of certain identities of Gauss on theta functions A7gquestion/12090.htmlDid Galileo use an erroneous geometrical result in 'Two New Sciences'? A7Aquestion/12094.htmlOn the history of development of the concept of complex numbers A7Bquestion/12096.htmlHow did the Greeks label their axes? A7oquestion/12098.htmlDid Sir Isaac Newton smoke? A7Equestion/12100.htmlHow did the "Wheel of Theodorus" become known as the "Wheel of Einstein"? A7Gquestion/12102.htmlOn atomism and philosophy of science A7Fquestion/12103.htmlWhy are there so many German terms in the field of radiative transfer? A7Hquestion/12107.htmlHow did Ruffini manage to extend the methods of Lagrange in order to "prove" the insolvability of the general quintic equation? A7Iquestion/12108.htmlWho made the first derivation of the angle to maximise projectile range, which turned out to be wrong? A7Jquestion/12110.htmlHow did Millikan consider utilizing oil to help determine the charge of the electron? A7Lquestion/12112.htmlHistory of Infinity: How does the idea of infinite set become widely accepted? A7Kquestion/12114.htmlWhat is the source of a quotation by Niels Bohr? A7Mquestion/12117.htmlWas Fred Hoyle’s career due, in part, to the popularity of the static universe in 1950s? A7Nquestion/12118.htmlWhat are the stories of physicists's prediction of problems that future generation will be busy with/topics that revolutionize future of physics? A7Oquestion/12119.htmlWhat paragraph was written by Emanouil Atanassov to solve problem 6 on the International Mathematical Olympiad in1988? A7Qquestion/12120.htmlWhy do we use $U$ for potential energy in classical mechanics? A7Pquestion/12123.htmlWhat are some archaeological discoveries from Ancient Civilizations that baffled mathematicians? A7Rquestion/12124.htmlOrigin of identity: $\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} \exp\{ - \pi x^2 - 2 \pi^{1/2} a x\} \,da = \exp\left\{a^2\right\}$ A7Squestion/12126.htmlWhat is the first recorded use of the word "scientia"? A7Tquestion/12129.htmlOrigin of (f×g)(x) and (f∘g)(x) notations A7Uquestion/12130.htmlWas Kolmogorov enraged after learning about the Karatsuba multiplication algorithm? A7Vquestion/12135.htmlWhy is Dirac delta named after Dirac when the concept was already over two centuries old? A7Xquestion/12137.htmlWho was "Urbino d'Aviso" that described how to fold paper into a pentagon? A7Wquestion/12138.htmlContagion, astrology and witchcraft A7Yquestion/12142.htmlWhich books did famous physicists and mathematicians use to study in university? A7question/12143.htmlWhy are there so few Iberian mathematicians in history? A7Zquestion/12144.htmlWho defined $A\to B$ that yields false whenever $A$ is true and $B$ is false and why was it defined that way? A7[question/12146.htmlWhat is the history on the term 'co-domain'? A7\question/12147.htmlAre "galvanic" and "voltaic" synonymous? A7]question/12148.htmlWhen did the disciplinary distinction between art, science, and technology occur? A7^question/12150.htmlQuestion about the significance of "Gauss-Legendre quadrature" A7_question/12151.htmlWhy are the first three multiplicative SI prefixes lowercase? A7`question/12154.htmlWhat did the italian Nobel laureate Riccardo Giacconi think about the Multiverse hypothesis? A7aquestion/12156.htmlSome questions about radioactivity around 1900 A7bquestion/12157.htmlAre there commented English translations of Pappus's works on conics? A7cquestion/12158.htmlEnglish translation of Xu Yue's Shushu Jiyi? A7dquestion/12160.htmlIs string theory today facing the same backlash that atomic theory faced during its inception? A7equestion/12162.htmlWho formalized integer numbers? A7fquestion/12164.htmlWhat's the history of experimentation by simulation? A7question/12174.htmlWhere did the contour integral sign appear for the first time? A7hquestion/12180.htmlWho is the "M.J.M. Hill" as mentioned in the historical introduction to Piaggio's "Differential Equations"? A7iquestion/12183.htmlWhat was the first trigonometry book ever to appear containing most (or all) things we study nowadays in trigonometry A7jquestion/12185.htmlkinetic energy formula written as mv^2 A7kquestion/12186.htmlHow did Khayyam calculate the year so accurately? A7lquestion/12187.htmlWhere did Curie's Law and Curie Constant appear for the first time? A7mquestion/12188.htmlWhen did Kolmogorov complexity begin being applied to real world objects and ideas? A7nquestion/12189.htmlDid Archimedes view fractions as "numbers"? A7question/12195.htmlDid Hardy and Ramanujan miscalculate these values? A7pquestion/12196.htmlWhat does "given in species" mean in old geometry textbooks? A7qquestion/12198.htmlWhich mathematical objects retained the names given by their discoverer(s)? A7question/12200.htmlWhen was the "Law of Propagation of Error" first stated? A7squestion/12205.htmlTimeline for the earliest work on Frobenius problems A7tquestion/12208.htmlWhat was known about the properties of the nucleus before the Liquid drop model was proposed? A7uquestion/12210.htmlLooking for the source of a quote in QFT history A7vquestion/12216.htmlWhen the concept of "Ultraviolet completion" of a low energy effective theory first arose? A7wquestion/12218.htmlIt was Edouard Lucas who is the eponym of Lucas Sequence, and not Henry Lucas, yes? A7xquestion/12220.htmlWhy isn't the history of mechanics dated from Archimedes time? A7yquestion/12228.htmlWhy did Sylvester Gates choose the name Adinkra? A7zquestion/12229.htmlWhat was Claudio Bunster's role in the Human Rights Commission in Chile? A7{question/12232.htmlWhat is the first clear mention of ocean currents? A7|question/12234.htmlHow did the Vietnamese manage set up the Vietnamese Mathematical Society during the Vietnam War? A7}question/12236.htmlWhy did energy-momentum relationship have to wait until 1928 to be established? A7~question/12238.htmlWhere did Leibniz explore the product rule of differential calculus? A7question/12240.htmlWho was the first to state that scientific theories could be used to make predictions? A7question/12243.htmlWho was that forgetful mathematician? A7question/12244.htmlWho coined the Hawaiian Earrings? A7question/12245.htmlHow critical were Tycho Brahe’s accurate observations? A7question/12247.htmlWhy didn't the ancient Greeks consider 1 to be odd? A7question/12248.htmlWas the wide use of mercury in experiments in the 19th century related to alchemy? A7question/12252.htmlDifferent versions of mass during early years of special relativity A7question/12254.htmlHeisenberg's last work on a non-linear generalization of quantum mechanics? A7question/12258.htmlWas de Broglie, the physicist who suggested matter behaves like waves, a prince? A7question/12261.htmlDid Arthur Schuster anticipate the equivalence between matter and energy in his speculations about antimatter? A7question/12262.htmlWhy did Richard Bellman, creator of dynamic programing say: 1950s were not good years for maths? A7question/12265.htmlWhere exactly did George Brown publish the first paper about Turnstile antennas? A7question/12268.htmlAre there any photographs of the original apparatus used by Hertz to demonstrate the photoelectric effect? A7question/12269.htmlWhat did the ancient Greeks know about the solar system, and how? A7question/12271.htmlHow did J.J. Thomson learn that what he discovered was different than an atom or a molecule? A7question/12273.htmlWhy does Riazuddin not have a last name? A7question/12277.htmlEinstein's handwritten manuscript on General Relativity A7question/12278.htmlHow did ZFC become the standard foundations of mathematics? A7question/12279.htmlHow did Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams end up so confusing? A7question/12281.htmlWhen did mathematicians suspect that $\pi$ is irrational? A7question/12283.htmlWhat are the origins of the term "matter"? A7question/12284.htmlWas Giuseppe Peano one of the greatest mathematicians of his era? A7question/12287.htmlWere there impossibility proofs for constructions in Greek geometry? A7question/12289.htmlWas Morse code the first practical application of binary encoding of information? A7question/12291.htmlOriginal derivation of the Dyson equation A7question/12292.htmlHow can I see the role of Fountation Axiom of ZFC in the definition of Cardinal Number A7question/12293.htmlWhat is the official logo of the BIPM? A7question/12296.htmlMr. Newton at the Royal Mint A7question/12298.htmlWas Paul Nemenyi related to John Von Neumann? A*7question/123.htmlWhen & how was it known that our Sun is the same thing as the night time stars? A7question/12300.htmlWhen did telescopes become affordable? A7question/12301.htmlWhat would be some earlier comments on "1+2+3+4=10"? A7question/12302.htmlFritz Haber and nitrogen fixing: Was there a movement to increase the population? A7question/12305.htmlWhat were Riemann's "semi-physical" methods? A7question/12306.htmlAre there any mathematicians who expressed non-obvious sets of rules on how to do research? A7question/12307.htmlWhat are some historical examples in physics of heuristic proofs of mathematical results? A7question/12308.htmlHistory behind the heat equation A7question/12314.htmlHow did Peano come up with his space filling curve? A7question/12315.htmlWhen Did the Notion of ``Limit'' Arise and for What Purpose? A7question/12317.htmlDoes Blum's speedup theorem have any conceptual predecessors? A7question/12321.htmlOrigin of the Intelligence question? A7question/12322.htmlSome references for Vladimir Arnold's thesis "Mathematics is a part of physics"? A7question/12323.htmlWhat exactly was the Rutherford model of the atom? A7question/12327.htmlcontext of a Niels Bohr quote "some subjects are so serious that one can only joke about them" A7question/12328.htmlComplete list of publications of Rebecca Barlow A7question/12329.htmlWhere does the word root comes from? A7question/12332.htmlOn the choice of Earth circumference vs diameter to define the meter A7question/12336.htmlWhat does an 100 year old calculus exam look like? A7question/12339.htmlIs Hermann Weyl's book “Space, Time, Matter” (1923) on General Relativity still relevant? A7question/12341.htmlAre there any descriptions of the reluctance motor invented by W.H. Taylor in the 1800's? A7question/12343.htmlCosmic microwave background and "white dielectric" A7question/12345.htmlWas a work of Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage inspiration for pioneers of modern computing? A7question/12346.htmlWhere was statistics taught in the 17th and 18th centuries? A7question/12347.htmlQuotation reference: "functions which can be evaluated under 1 sec are as good as analytically available" A7question/12348.htmlWho was the 17th century mathematician "André Jumeau, Prior of Sainte-Croix"? A7question/12351.html"Family tree" of mathematicians and their PhD advisors and students A7question/12353.htmlWhat are the Peirce's axioms of arithmetic and how do they relate to the Peano axioms? A7question/12355.htmlWhich mathematician traveled to and moved in with each collaborator? A7question/12358.htmlWhere to pursue a PhD in history of mathematics in Europe? A7question/12362.htmlWas Rayleigh the first to derive the drag equation? A7question/12363.htmlEarly parallel computing with human exchanging messages: is this story true? A7question/12365.htmlWas Johann Heinrich Winkler really the first person who discovered field emission? A7question/12367.htmlWho were the major thinkers before Turing to ask whether machines can think? How come Turing's Test lasted as the Influential one? A7question/12368.htmlHow to pronounce Jacobson A7question/12369.htmlWas Lebesgue differentiation theorem the motivation for Vitali's, Riesz's and Hardy-Littlewood's results used to prove it? A7question/12370.htmlIn which article did the physicist Sheldon Glashow introduce his electroweak theory? A7question/12373.htmlWhat was Heawood's proof of maximal planar graph 3-colorable implies its dual is bipartite? A8question/12376.htmlWhat did Delaunay invent Delaunay triangulations for before computers were developed? A7question/12382.htmlWhat are some of Euler's mistakes? A7question/12383.htmlWere pictorial notations like Feynman diagrams for integrals used before Feynman? A7question/12384.htmlFounders of undetermined forms A7question/12385.htmlWas Charles Sanders Peirce aware of Charles Babbage's difference engine? A7question/12390.htmlResearch about Stafford Beer's claim about a method for solving simultaneous equations unknowingly via a game by kids? A7question/12391.htmlWhat's the history of the heuristics on doing science efficiently and effectively? A7question/12392.htmlAre there any accounts of Charles Peirce's character,cognition and physical appearance? A7question/12394.htmlWhat was Holon Programming? A7question/12395.htmlWho first defined pressure? A7question/12396.htmlThe origins of differential homological algebra A7question/12397.htmlWho first used the Completeness Axiom for real numbers? A7question/12399.htmlWhy did Galileo express himself in terms of ratios when describing laws of accelerated motion? A*8question/124.htmlContributions to chemistry from medieval Arabia A7question/12401.htmlDid physicists correct an error of mathematicians in counting twisted cubics in the quintic? A7question/12402.htmlMathematicians who often didn't use notebooks/devices to work? A7question/12403.htmlFirst use of $K$ in notation for continued fractions A7question/12405.htmlWho is the Göbel who is the eponym of Göbel's Sequence? A8Equestion/12407.htmlThe reason behind defining the direction of angular velocity towards the axis of rotation? A7question/12408.htmlLagrange's Theorem as he stated it A7question/12409.htmlPhoto of Wilhelm Ackermann A7question/12414.htmlHave units in physics any link with the origins of type theory in logic? A7question/12415.htmlThe earliest origins of science and math A7question/12416.htmlHow did Galileo derive the law for a falling body without calculus? A8Bquestion/12418.htmlDifferences between modern and old mathematical notations A7question/12419.htmlWere Feynman diagrams important for the creation of the electroweak theory? A7question/12420.htmlIs it true that Newton used the gedankenexperiment of a cannonball revolving around the earth to find the inverse square law of gravity? A7question/12422.htmlCan anyone find Newton's calculation error in Principia, Book III, Proposition XIX? A7question/12435.htmlWho first estimated the minimal size of a model for a satisfiable formula of monadic first-order logic? A7question/12437.htmlWhen were the SUVAT equations derived for the first time? A7question/12438.htmlOrigin of Tensor Product A7question/12441.htmlWhat role has Whiteheads conjecture played in the thinking on the plurality of set theories? A7question/12442.htmlAn English translation of Simon Stevin's De Thiende A7question/12444.htmlDoes this mathematical result have a specific name? A7question/12447.htmlWhat is the name of the "largest complete history" of physics? A7question/12448.htmlHow was Fourier analysis important to the development of set theory? A7question/12452.htmlDid Fourier use heated metal rings as experimental evidence to justify his mathematical discoveries? A7question/12456.htmlHas anyone explored Ptolemy's epicycles as an early form of Fourier analysis? A7question/12459.htmlWho introduced the divisibility symbol $a\vert b$ ("$a$ divides $b$") and when? A7question/12467.htmlDid C.S Peirce make any noteworthy contributions to physics or chemistry? A7question/12468.htmlIs there any indication of what mathematics Trotsky studied? A7question/12469.htmlNames of the electromagnetic units in SI A7question/12475.htmlWhat are some facts about Peirce's early precocity? A7question/12478.htmlWhat was the content of Emmy Noether's 'two-line' note on Homology? A7question/12479.htmlWhat prompted Bose's move to Dhaka University in 1921? A7question/12481.htmlWere these ideas well known during the 1850s in the US? A8=question/12483.htmlOrigin of notation "R with a stroke on the leg" for the square-root (℞) A7question/12484.htmlWhat was Gauss's method for solving the "trinomial equation"? A7question/12485.htmlWhere does the name "geometric theory" come from? A7question/12487.htmlWas C.S Peirce in his abductive reasoning influenced by the generalization from special cases that is used by mathematicians? A8question/12492.htmlEarly geographically accurate drawings of Earth A7question/12494.htmlArchimedes - method of mechanical theorems - centroid of hemisphere A7question/12495.htmlWas C.S Peirce the first philosopher to posit that value belief serves as some sort of guide for scientific belief? A7question/12499.htmlWhy do physicists call their Hilbert space of states simply the Hilbert space? A7question/12502.htmlWhen were white holes theorised? A7question/12503.htmlWas there a continuation to the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem between Euler and Hamilton? A7question/12504.htmlHow did Peirce react to his stigmatization from the academia? A7question/12509.htmlHow did the current physics curriculum came to be? A7question/12510.htmlSignificance of Higgs model used in Glashow-Salam-Weinberg theory A7question/12513.htmlDoes "Einstein's Light clock" really belong to Einstein? A8question/12518.htmlIs there any book or site where Gauss' collected philosophical writings are presented? A8question/12524.htmlHow were wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum first found? A8question/12527.htmlHistory of Mathematical Biology - Resource Recommendations A8question/12530.htmlAdvantages of numbers growing to the left (ordered Arabic numbers)? A8question/12534.htmlDid the brain anatomists and psychophysicists of the early to mid 1800s make any philosophical speculations on the nature of emotions and cognition? A8question/12536.htmlFinding sources for "computers will become so powerful that special functions will become obsolete" as a zeitgeist A8question/12539.htmlDo we know how Feynmans religious views changed throughout his life? A8question/12540.htmlWhere does the term "pivot" come from in the quicksort algorithm? A8 question/12542.htmlWhat is the earliest article in which Leibniz used 'matrices'? A8 question/12543.htmlDid the knowledge of Wootz steel actually become 'lost'? A8 question/12545.htmlWhy couldn't Robert Peary use his theodolite at the North pole A8 question/12548.htmlWhy did the existential and universal quantifiers in logic took so long to become formalized into symbols after the invention of boolean algebra? A8question/12549.htmlHow did Von Neumann come up with his Merge Sort algorithm? A8 question/12550.htmlIs there any book or site where John Von Neumann's collected philosophical writings are presented? A8question/12555.htmlWhy was the Vietnam Day Committee, begun by Stephen Smale and Jerry Rubin, named as it was? A8question/12557.htmlWhat was the reason for Grothendiecks 'fast every Monday' in Vietnam? A8question/12558.htmlHow were number symbols derived/shaped up? A8question/12560.htmlHow did Gaussian and Eisenstein integers get their names? A8question/12562.htmlWhat did the pre-construction survey campaign of the Golden Gate Bridge involve? A8question/12563.htmlWhat was the first randomized experiment that was ever conducted? A8question/12564.htmlWho were some mathematicians who have a musical background? A8question/12568.htmlDid Hugh David Politzer work independently for his contribution to asymptotic freedom? A8question/12580.htmlWhy did no one else, except Einstein, work on developing General Relativity between 1905-1915? A8question/12589.htmlWhy was using rockets to propel a winged vehicle not proposed in the 19th century? A8question/12591.htmlWhere does "the grating equation" come from? Does it have a another name? A8question/12596.htmlWhere is First-Order Peano Arithmetic first clearly formulated? A8question/12597.htmlDid Leibniz ever express any opinion about Aristotle, Plato or Archimedes? A8question/12598.htmlWhat dialect of ancient Greek was taught to natural philosophers? A8question/12600.htmlWhy theology plays a great role in becoming great mathematicians? A8question/12603.htmlHow close were the slits in Young's experiment? A8question/12604.htmlGravity before Aristotle A8question/12605.htmlThe unit Ångström A8 question/12610.htmlWhen was nicotine identified as an addictive substance? A8!question/12611.htmlWhen was the special relation between sides in a triangle with an angle of 60 or 120 degrees written for the first time? A8"question/12617.htmlGravity of Plato A8#question/12619.htmlWho was the first one to rigorously show that quantum fields are operator-valued distributions? A8$question/12622.htmlWhat were C.S Peirce's contributions to theory of relations? A8%question/12623.htmlHow did Antonius Van den Broek come up with his hypothesis that the atomic number matches the charge of the nucleus? A8&question/12626.htmlName of Polaris before it became a pole star? A8'question/12633.htmlWho was Fleury? And what was his first name? A8(question/12636.htmlWhy we got so many geniuses after 19th century? A8)question/12641.htmlHow do the latest measurements of the Hubble expansion match the QFT prediction? A8*question/12642.htmlHow did physicists deal with the variance of electromagnetism before special relativity? A8+question/12647.htmlHow did Gauss able to come up with complex formulas at very early age? A8,question/12648.htmlWhat changes in mathematics resulted in the change of the definition of primes and exclusion of 1? A8-question/12649.htmlFirst paper in derived speeds after collision in relativistic dynamics A8.question/12650.htmlWhat is the basic idea behind calculation of area? A8/question/12653.htmlWhat is the origin in the discrepancy between engineers' and physicists' notation of waves? A80question/12656.htmlHistory of irreducible polynomials and motivation for them A81question/12659.htmlAlhazen's problem history A82question/12660.htmlAre the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Mesopotamians really the cradles of civilization? A83question/12661.htmlHas someone ever proposed a "many worlds/histories" model where all possible boundary conditions are considered? A84question/12663.htmlThe mathematics of multiple values A85question/12664.htmlwhy do we write `abelian` group instead of `Abelian` group? A86question/12667.htmlWhy do I , J and K in mechanics represent X , Y and Z in maths? A87question/12670.htmlWhat geometry is involved in the architecture of Indian stupas? A88question/12672.htmlWho invented multiplying by the conjugate to rationalize denominators and when? A89question/12678.htmlWhat symbols have been used for "many" (or "a large amount of") or "a few" (or "a small amount of") in the history of mathematics or other fields? A8:question/12681.htmlHow did definitions of a limit vary before the epsilon-delta definition? A8;question/12682.htmlWhat did Einstein mean by "continual flight from wonder"? A8<question/12683.htmlHow we distinguished charges and named them? A8Jquestion/12684.htmlHow did people make things perfectly straight? A8>question/12687.htmlDid Ibn al-Haytham write anything about his experiments that is general enough to be seen as prefiguring the scientific method? A8?question/12691.htmlWhen was single-slit diffraction first observed? A8@question/12695.htmlWhat were the likely lives of the highly creative or intellectually gifted people in declining or primitive civilizations? A8Aquestion/12696.htmlWhy are there so many different, and widely accepted, notational systems for boolean logic? A8question/12699.htmlUsing Leonardo of Pisa's table of Chords A8Cquestion/12706.htmlHistorical proofs of the series expression for the Bessel function of the first kind A8Dquestion/12707.htmlHow and for what purpose did Lorentz come out with his "electron model"? A8_question/12708.htmlHow was charge to mass ratio measured via electrolysis in 19th century? A8Fquestion/12711.htmlHow did polar coordinates come into existence? A8Gquestion/12712.htmlHow did Faraday determine the Faraday's constant? A8Hquestion/12714.htmlBooks about the development/history of gravitational theory A8Iquestion/12719.htmlHistory of complex trigonometric ratios A8[question/12721.htmlBook to know about development of mathematical concepts A8Kquestion/12723.htmlWhat are the earliest inventions to store and release energy (e.g. fly wheels)? A8Lquestion/12731.htmlWhat is the oldest open question solved in mathematics? A8Mquestion/12739.htmlExperimenters regretting throwing away data? A8Nquestion/12741.htmlWas Planck's Constant a huge leap conceptually? A8Oquestion/12743.htmlHow well did Cardano understand elementary probabilities, as shown from his writings? A8Pquestion/12745.htmlWhere does the term "arm's-length recursion" come from? A8Qquestion/12746.htmlWhat is the source of Hermann Weyl's remark about "near-sighted policemen" with respect to compact spaces? A8Rquestion/12747.htmlHistory of generating functions A8Squestion/12755.htmlWhat is a Heaviside rational current element? A8Tquestion/12756.htmlThe origins of $\det(I+AB)=\det(I+BA)$ A8Uquestion/12757.htmlWho were the mathematicians who hated teaching in class or disliked teaching? A8Vquestion/12759.htmlHistory of Fatou's Lemma A8Wquestion/12761.htmlWhy is wave guide theory developed so long after Maxwell's work was published? A8Xquestion/12762.htmlWho is the father of fiber optics? A8Yquestion/12763.htmlDevelopment of the Idea of Homeomorphism? A8Zquestion/12765.htmlHeyting and Lugano A8question/12771.htmlHow old are the shape of the numbers based on the number of angles? A8\question/12772.htmlLuca Pacioli's incorrect solution A8]question/12774.htmlStory of a student who solves an open problem A8^question/12777.htmlWhy does Rolle get its own theorem? A8question/12778.htmlWhat is the purpose of large drum-like device displayed in Saint-Denis, Paris? A8`question/12779.htmlHistory: Direct Product became Tensor Product? A8aquestion/12780.htmlGreek astronomy vs astrology A8bquestion/12781.htmlHow did we arrive at the rule of addition of vectors? A8cquestion/12782.htmlWhy is Hilbert's Seventeenth Problem important? A8dquestion/12784.htmlWhat did Roger Apery mean by "Oh they grow in my garden" A8equestion/12787.htmlHistorical ways of *presenting* or axiomatizing the notion of a topological space A8fquestion/12790.htmlWho is the John Thomas of "Thomas's Plank" and "Thomas's Corkscrew"? A8gquestion/12792.htmlWhere were mathematical/science works posted before the arxiv website? A8hquestion/12797.htmlWhat was the historical motivation for introducing the concept 'gravitational potential'? A8iquestion/12801.htmlHow did Euler obtain this formula from a paper/work in 1748? A8jquestion/12802.htmlWas 'Operation Paperclip' controversial at the time? A8kquestion/12803.htmlWhy are linear forms called "forms"? A8lquestion/12804.htmlDid John Greever or John Jay Greever write "Theory and Examples of Point Set Topology"? A8mquestion/12806.htmlBackground on the Stone-von Neumann theorem A8nquestion/12813.htmlWas the idea that the result of division of positive number by negative number should be negative ever been controversial? A8oquestion/12816.htmlIs Robert Earl MacKenzie (co-author of Introduction to Differential Manifolds) still alive? A8pquestion/12819.htmlDid the 1800 Gregorian Lunar Correction Motivate Gauss' Computus Algorithm? A8qquestion/12820.htmlWhat is the history of adding the Clock Hypothesis to Special Relativity? A8rquestion/12821.htmlSource of a quote typically attributed to Proclus Lycaeus A8squestion/12824.htmlSingularities on null capacity sets are removable -- Wiener or Bouligand? A8tquestion/12825.htmlReference request for some fragments of Gauss with dubious origin A8uquestion/12826.htmlOrigins of the canonical commutation relation A8vquestion/12829.htmlThe originator of the sum rule in calculus A8wquestion/12830.htmlHistorical evolution of the ideas behind Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the classical/statistical notion of entropy A8xquestion/12832.htmlPresident James A. Garfield and the Pythagorean proposition A8yquestion/12833.htmlAre there any extant letters backing up the famous anecdote about Edmund Landau and Fermat's Last Theorem? A8zquestion/12837.html"Stone of Folly" based on maybe finding and removing brain tumors? A8{question/12840.htmlWhich one goes first Secant/Newton? in Numerical root finding technique? A8|question/12841.htmlHow to derive the power series of $\sin(x)$ and $\cos(x)$ followed the footstep of Euler A8}question/12844.htmlWho predicted the existence of the muon neutrino? A8~question/12848.htmlWhat is the difference between Einstein's and Boltzmann's definitions of probability? A8question/12850.htmlIndependent and dependent variables A8question/12853.htmlWho first formalised the division algorithm? A8question/12854.htmlWhat is the Boltzmann contribution to the theory of "statistical ensemble"? A8question/12858.htmlHas Daniel Bernoulli's 1764 paper on organ pipe acoustics been translated into English? A8question/12860.htmlWho extended the Banach fixed point theorem from the context of normed spaces to the context of metric spaces? A8question/12861.htmlIs there an English translation of Newton’s De Analysi? A8question/12863.htmlWhy is Freeth's nephroid called a nephroid? A8question/12865.htmlHow did Dyck originally state and prove his theorem in topology about the connected sum of a torus and projective plane? A8question/12866.htmlWhy are quaternions more popular than tessarines despite being non-commutative? A8question/12870.htmlHas the heyday of mathematical formulae ended? A8question/12874.htmlKurt Gödel: a biography A8question/12875.htmlHow long have parenthesis (brackets) been used? A8question/12878.htmlWhat are the earliest known proofs that planimeters 'work'? A8question/12880.htmlWhat was Newton's statement of the universal law of gravitation? A8question/12882.htmlWhen did physicists begin using the symbol $G$ for Newton's gravitational constant? A8question/12887.htmlWhat is the origin of the "Japanese bracket"? A8question/12888.htmlHow did the first astronomers define what a planet is? A8question/12892.htmlWhy historically the hour was divided into 60 minutes and when it had started? A8question/12896.htmlDid Sophie Germain find a flaw in Euler's equations for elastic vibrations? A8question/12898.htmlOld Indian and Chinese references A8question/12899.htmlDirac's non-neglibile disturbances argument and epistemic quantum mechanics A8question/12900.htmlNewton's Christian beliefs and alchemy A8question/12901.htmlOrigin of the notation $s = \sigma + j\omega$ in electrical engineering/control theory A8question/12903.htmlWho invented the quadrupole lens for charged particles? A8question/12905.htmlAre there other articles by Ada Lovelace than translation of Menabrea's notes on Analytical Engine? A8question/12906.htmlWho coined the 'particle zoo' expression? A8question/12908.htmlCan you prove that the Numbers have no end, realistically and tangibly? A8question/12909.htmlWhat was the first automated theorem prover? A8question/12910.htmlMaxwell equations and aether A8question/12911.htmlWas the sun assumed to be at rest aether frame? A8question/12915.htmlDid Einstein know about Laplace's query into whether gravity is instantaneous? A8question/12916.htmlIs the story about Fermat's writing on a margin true? A8question/12918.htmlWho was the first person to prove the invariance of the Euler characteristic under triangulations? A8question/12919.htmlHow did Fourier determine the coefficients of Fourier series? A8question/12921.htmlAristotle's and Plato's even and odd numbers, sets and actual infinity A*9question/130.htmlWas fake/rigged data common prior to the 20th century? A*:question/131.htmlWhy did George Cayley never crack the stability problem? A*;question/136.htmlWho invented the steam engine: Newcomen or Watt? A*<question/138.htmlHow soon after or before the development of nuclear applications was waste disposal considered? A*=question/139.htmlTheories on the beginning of photosynthesis, prior to Lynn Margulis work on symbiogenesis A,question/140.htmlWhy is price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis? A*>question/142.htmlWhy is American and French notation different for open intervals (x, y) vs. ]x, y[? A*bquestion/146.htmlWhy did most steam locomotives use simple expansion? A*@question/149.htmlWhat happened in astronomy between Hipparchus and Ptolemy? A*Aquestion/151.htmlWhat group theoretic results were known for several special cases before the general definition of a group was established? A*Bquestion/153.htmlWhen did architects learn how to calculate load on building members accurately? A*Cquestion/160.htmlHow much of a conceptual leap forward was 'Systema Naturae'? A*Dquestion/162.htmlHow did German become the language of science? A*Equestion/163.htmlWhat advances allowed Lippershey and Galileo to make working telescopes? A*Fquestion/164.htmlWho discovered that different objects accelerate at the same rate due to gravity? A*Gquestion/167.htmlHow old is the peer-review process in scientific publishing? A*Hquestion/168.htmlWhy was the continental drift theory of Alfred Wegener so controversial in the first part of the 20th century? A*question/17.htmlWhat was the connection between David Hilbert and Stefan Banach? A*Iquestion/170.htmlHow did group theory enter quantum mechanics? A*Jquestion/175.htmlWhat specific problems motivated Poincaré's work on topology? A+question/1790.htmlInvention of modular inverse A+question/1792.htmlMotivation behind Euler Theorem in differential geometry A+question/1796.htmlWho first measured the distance to the Moon? How was it done? A+question/1799.htmlWas Euler's theorem in differential geometry motivated by matrices and eigenvalues? A*question/18.htmlWhy did 92% of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century end in dispute? A*Kquestion/180.htmlHow far did Nazi Germany get in researching the "sun gun?" A+question/1801.htmlFirst use of zero as a number A+question/1803.htmlWhy were hot-air balloons invented so late? A+question/1805.htmlWho first distinguished planets from the stars? A+question/1810.htmlWho first discussed the Lorentz force with respect to special relativity? A+question/1811.htmlOrigin of Perron-Frobenius Operator A+question/1812.htmlWho blocked publication of "Mathematics in USSR. 1958-1967"? A+question/1813.htmlWhy did algebraic geometry need Alexander Grothendieck? A+question/1816.htmlWas Aristotle really wrong about gravity? A,question/1824.htmlKnowledge of Einstein during obtaining his graduation A+question/1826.htmlWhen were fictitious forces introduced A+question/1827.htmlEinstein's assistants A+question/1831.htmlMotivation behind Euler Theorem in differential geometry A+question/1833.htmlWho really was the first inventor of the laser? A+question/1835.htmlHow were vector quantities developed? A+question/1838.htmlAny book on timeline of progress of Math concepts and applications A*Lquestion/184.htmlWhy did Norbert Wiener break off relations with Walter Pitts? A+question/1841.htmlModern critiques of, alternatives to Kuhn's paradigm shifts? A+question/1846.htmlHow did Archimedes complete this impossible task? A+question/1848.htmlApparently different objects discovered to be the same A*Mquestion/185.htmlDid Walter Pitts refuse to allow his name to be made publicly available? A,Wquestion/1853.htmlWhat year was Euler's paper on the Konigsberg bridge problem first published? A+question/1857.htmlDid Turing ideas make any impact on Psychology or Brain Science? Why? A*Nquestion/186.htmlWhat's the etymology of an engineering/software bug? A+question/1861.htmlWhat are the early examples of taxonomies in the history of science? A+question/1863.htmlWho calculated for the first time the volume (and surface area) of the sphere exactly? A+question/1865.htmlWho was the first to calculate $\pi$? A*Oquestion/187.htmlExamples of Kuhn loss? A+question/1870.htmlOrigin of "world-line?" A+question/1874.htmlHow long did it take to prove that the Earth revolves around the Sun? A+question/1876.htmlWas Kepler aware of the following golden relationship between the planets? A*Pquestion/188.htmlWhat did the Soviets do with German scientists after WWII? A+question/1881.htmlDiscovery and Development of Coordinate Systems A+question/1884.htmlOrigin of 360 degrees? A+question/1886.htmlHow did Einstein know tensors would be needed in the EFEs? A+question/1888.htmlFirst use of Bernoulli's inequality and its name A,question/1890.htmlDid Schiaparelli comment on the martian canals debate? A,question/1894.htmlHow did the discovery of the platypus affect Linneaus' taxonomy? A,question/1895.htmlA reason for why Leucippus isn't credited the original "atomist" in the norm? A,question/1897.htmlDid Galileo bet money on the ship experiment? A*question/19.htmlScientific progress claimed to be caused by dreaming A,question/1901.htmlWhat were the initial applications of finite fields? A,question/1902.htmlWas Richard Feynman a double major? A,question/1904.htmlHistory of the inverse matrix A,question/1905.htmlWho created the first vacuum tube? A,question/1907.htmlWhat have we learned from Einstein's unsuccessful dream of unifying electromagnetism and gravity? A,Mquestion/1908.htmlWho really invented the integration symbol? A, question/1910.htmlUse of $h$ in the Newton Quotient A, question/1914.htmlUse of $h$ in the Newton Quotient A, question/1918.htmlWho created Agile programming and why? A, question/1919.htmlWhat was the aftermath of the proof of irrationality of $\sqrt 2$ for the Greeks? A,question/1923.htmlDid Galileo perform an experiment at the Leaning Tower of Pisa? A,question/1925.htmlHow were vector calculus nabla ∇ identities first derived? A,question/1926.htmlWho named the fugacity, who coined the variable name and did it already relate to complex analysis? A,question/1927.htmlDid Hermann Weyl and/or Andre Weil ever take notice of sharing a family name? A,question/1930.htmlWho invented the mole? A,question/1934.htmlLeibniz: integrating/differentiating up and down a spatial dimension A,question/1935.htmlHow and where was the notion of a primitive root formulated before Gauss? A,question/1936.htmlDid Dedekind show any evidence of pictorial geometric sense? A,question/1939.htmlWhy did India miss the Great Revolution in Maths and Science? A,question/1945.htmlTries to alter classical mechanics before Einstein? A,(question/1948.htmlHow did Kepler "guess" his third law from data? A*lquestion/195.htmlHow did we come up with the name "atomic bomb"? A,question/1951.htmlWho was the first person to use physics to suggest that both the Sun and the Earth move? A,question/1954.htmlEarliest depictions of the infinite A,question/1955.htmlMathematical counterintelligence at Bletchley during World War 2 A,question/1956.htmlWho was the first pointing out the $U(1)$-gauge theories common structure? A,question/1962.htmlDid geometric patterns in nature suggest the early notions of proportion and ratios? A,question/1963.htmlIs there a 'lost calculus'? A,question/1964.htmlHow was the modular arithmetic law invented? A, question/1965.htmlWho discovered the difference between the infinities? A,!question/1970.htmlHow the ancient iron Pillar of Delhi was created? A,"question/1973.htmlWho was first to explain intuitively the inverse square law of gravity? A,#question/1974.htmlWho was the first person to intuitively explain why gravity weakens by the square of the distance? A,$question/1977.htmlWho is the first to give the proof of insolvability of quintic functions using Galois theory? A,%question/1978.htmlInvention of Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion A,&question/1979.htmlWhy didn't Aristarchus' theory of Heliocentrism stick? A*Rquestion/198.htmlWhen exactly (and why) did matrices become a part of the undergraduate curriculum? A,'question/1984.htmlWhy is the Heaviside step function named after Heaviside? A,lquestion/1987.htmlWhat new mathematics was inspired by biology and chemistry? A,)question/1989.htmlWho found out about galaxies? A*Squestion/199.htmlDid physicists around 1900 really believe they were close to "figuring it all out"? A,*question/1991.htmlWas the steam engine really known in ancient Egypt? A,+question/1994.htmlWhen did physicists start defining waves as 'solutions of a wave equation'? A,,question/1996.htmlWas the Riemann Integral the first integration theory? A* question/2.htmlIrrationality of the square root of 2 A*\question/20.htmlWhen was the division between the troposphere and stratosphere determined? A,-question/2000.htmlContemporary reactions to the rise of axiomatization in the 19th/20th centuries A,.question/2002.htmlHow did "royal we" become a standard of scientific writing? A,/question/2005.htmlWas it technologically possible to create electricity, batteries, and electrical devices at the time of the Roman Empire? A,0question/2008.htmlIs there a translation of Gauss' work on Gaussian integers? A,1question/2010.htmlWas Pólya’s “How To Solve It” originally written in German or English (or some other language)? A,2question/2012.htmlWhen did humans realize that sex leads to pregnancy? A,3question/2015.htmlOn the history of population dynamics of territorial species A,4question/2017.htmlHow was the use of upper and lower indices in tensor notation developed? A,5question/2022.htmlHevelius-Hooke dispute A,6question/2024.htmlDid the Soviet Union emphasize nuclear physics over biology? A,7question/2028.htmlWhen did humans realize that there is no air on the Moon? A,8question/2033.htmlWhat films and fiction give realistic historical portrayal of science and scientists? A,9question/2035.htmlWas 18th century algebra more symbolic/formal than the modern conception? A,:question/2037.htmlWhat blogs or websites cover historical or contemporary science? A,;question/2040.htmlHow were the phenomena relating to symmetric polynomials discovered? A,<question/2041.htmlA book on Emmy Noether's life A,=question/2042.htmlGrassmann's "forms" A,>question/2043.htmlRoman engineers A,?question/2044.htmlCan abuse break a genius? A,@question/2046.htmlHistory of the Wreath product A,Aquestion/2048.htmlWho discovered that helium affects your voice? A*Tquestion/205.htmlWhat led to the fall of Göttingen? A,Bquestion/2051.htmlHow Has Science Influenced or Helped Mathematics A,Cquestion/2054.htmlWho are some great scientists/mathematicians with not-so-great pre/mid-career credentials? A,Dquestion/2057.htmlWhen was the first true Gregorian telescope built? A,Equestion/2060.htmlWhy did 18th century writers think that Mars had 2 satellites? A,Fquestion/2061.htmlWho created the energy conditions? A,Gquestion/2063.htmlInvention of the concept of vector field A,Hquestion/2064.htmlHistory of Energy A,Iquestion/2066.htmlWhat were the early empirical tests of Einstein's mass-energy equivalence $E=mc^2$? A,Jquestion/2067.htmlWith what kind of proof was the Binet formula derived for the first time? A,Kquestion/2069.htmlOrigin of the Hankel contour? A*Uquestion/207.htmlHawking on Newton and the famed apple A,Lquestion/2074.htmlWhat are some of the most important scientific works done that have not received a Nobel prize? A,question/2078.htmlScientists with exceptionally good or bad memory A,Nquestion/2083.htmlHistory of $ e^3\approx 20$ A,Oquestion/2085.htmlWhy is magnetic flux density named after Nikola Tesla? A,Pquestion/2087.htmlElectromagnetics and vector calculus A,Qquestion/2088.htmlSignificance of the Michelson and Morley experiment? A,Rquestion/2093.htmlWho invented short and long division? A,Squestion/2094.htmlWhy were 18th century mathematicians interested in extending the factorial to non-integers? A*question/21.htmlHave reviewers never been paid? A*Vquestion/210.htmlQuestion on "What St. Augustine didn't say about mathematicians" A,Tquestion/2100.htmlWhen was the issue of time zones at different longitudes first described? A,Uquestion/2101.htmlWhy did Laplace invent the Laplace transform? A,Vquestion/2105.htmlWhat's the famous story about a mathematician who gave a talk without saying a word? A*}question/211.htmlWhen and how was UV radiation found to be dangerous to human skin? A,question/2110.htmlWhy is the notation $\sin^{-1} x$ so common? A,Xquestion/2115.htmlWhat was the answer to this paradox before Cantor? A*Xquestion/212.htmlIs it true that Hideyo Noguchi had neurosyphilis when carrying out his last experiments in Africa? A,Yquestion/2126.htmlWho was the first to use the phrase "the standard model" of something? A,Zquestion/2127.htmlWas there a period of doubt in the history of the Higgs mechanism? A,[question/2129.htmlWho said that essentially everything in theoretical physics had already been discovered? A,\question/2133.htmlWhat motivated Gauss' quadratic sums? A,]question/2135.htmlWhy don't we learn Buridan's laws of motion? A,^question/2138.htmlHow did people react to the realization that Aristotle's ideas had gone without question for way too long? A,_question/2139.htmlPhysicists who were criticised for their works but later celebrated by the people A,`question/2143.htmlIn ancient times, how did people conclude that the shape of Earth is a sphere? A,aquestion/2148.htmlDiscovery of Sine and Cosine A,bquestion/2149.htmlWhat came first? The kernel from vector spaces or from group theory? A,cquestion/2150.htmlconstruct for h-index and Eddington number A,dquestion/2157.htmlHow did the term "Michel electron" come about? A,equestion/2158.htmlWhat edition of CRC mathematical Tables was the last to contain logarithmic tables? A*Yquestion/216.htmlIn what instances did Wolfgang Pauli say that something was 'not even wrong'? A,fquestion/2161.htmlWho discovered the duality between platonic solids? A,gquestion/2164.htmlWhere did the term "tauon" come from? A,hquestion/2174.htmlWho invented the swan-necked flask? A,iquestion/2176.htmlWhich German scientists had their Nobel Prizes seized during World War II? A,jquestion/2177.htmlFive perfect solids A,kquestion/2178.htmlModern usage of alchemical symbols A-.question/2181.htmlHas a digit ever been used to represent the number "10"? A,mquestion/2182.htmlWhat is the origin of the term recombination? A*Zquestion/219.htmlHow did ancient Egyptians become aware of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of cold? A**question/22.htmlHow was the Ozone Layer discovered? A,nquestion/2200.htmlWhat is the first historical reference to the binary search algorithm? A,oquestion/2205.htmlIs anything known about part II of John McCarthy's Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine Part II? A,pquestion/2207.htmlHave the results from Computational Physics disprove any physics theory? A*[question/221.htmlHow and when was it realized that ophiolites represented pieces of ocean crust? A,qquestion/2214.htmlSince when do humans know about electric charge? A,rquestion/2215.htmlWhat is the importance of SI units in Physics? A,squestion/2218.htmlWhy is the Dirac delta "function" often presented as the limit of a Gaussian with a fraction in the exponent? A*mquestion/222.htmlWhy was the Tertiary period dropped but the Quaternary retained? A,tquestion/2223.htmlWho introduced random variables into probability? A,uquestion/2227.htmlHistorical Survey of Statistical Mechanics A,vquestion/2229.htmlWhy did the "old quantum theory" start off considering circular electron orbits? A,wquestion/2234.htmlHow was geometry historically used to solve polynomial equations? A,xquestion/2235.htmlWhen did we first begin to suspect that the Earth had an Iron Catastrophe? A,yquestion/2243.htmlFirst papers on holomorphic functions A,zquestion/2244.htmlWhen and by whom was the earliest definition of speed given? A,{question/2250.htmlWhy did Kronecker develop the "adjoining a root" construction? A,|question/2254.htmlWhy was delta ($\Delta$) chosen to represent change of a quantity? A,}question/2256.htmlWhere does Markov operator come from? A,~question/2257.htmlWhat was different about Planck's quantization of light compared to Einstein's? A,question/2263.htmlWhat is the origin of the cut and weigh method of integration, is it Galileo's? A,question/2264.htmlWhy is the radical symbol $\sqrt{}$ called "radical"? A,question/2267.htmlCavendish Laboratories Photo, 1939 A,question/2268.htmlHow did ancient Greeks explain moon phases without reflection of sunlight? A,question/2271.htmlWhen was it first realized that sound travels with finite speed? A,question/2274.htmlIs it true that Euler didn't prove $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6}$? A,question/2278.htmlWere there serious attempts to model the photoelectric effect classically? A,question/2279.htmlWriting Mathematical Symbols in 20th century A,question/2285.htmlDid classical physicists feel ill-at-ease about point charges? A,question/2286.htmlWhy does logical-AND take operator precedence (evaluated first) over logical-OR? A,question/2290.htmlWhy was the reduced Planck constant introduced and when? A,question/2294.htmlPlanets/stars as more than points of light A*question/23.htmlWhy did Rene Descartes go to Sweden? A,question/2303.htmlMathematical interpretation of Aristotelian mechanics A,question/2307.htmlWhy is ZFC used more widely than NBG? A,question/2308.htmlWhat attracted Einstein to the anomalous precession of Mercury? A,question/2309.htmlWhy did the ancient Greeks originally become interested in conic sections? A,question/2316.htmlWere there alternative names for electron orbitals? A,question/2317.htmlWas Galileo a plagiarizer? A*]question/232.htmlWhy was asthma considered a psychosomatic condition during the first half of the 20th century? A,question/2321.htmlNon-standard model of arithmetic and Gödel's theorem A,question/2323.htmlCalculation of Gauss leading to 18:7 resonance between orbits of Jupiter and Pallas A,question/2325.htmlOn the development of Newtonian Mechanics A,question/2329.htmlOrigin of "dust" in cosmology? A,question/2330.htmlDid Kontsevich start a lecture with "one I will not define, the other nobody knows how to define, and we will be proving that they are equivalent"? A,question/2332.htmlWhat happened to analog computers? A-question/2336.htmlWhen did the use of the comma as a decimal mark become extinct in the US? A,question/2339.htmlWhen was the first command-line interface developed? A,question/2341.htmlHow did Aristotle define life using his elemental system? A,question/2343.htmlIs the Scientific Method uniquely Western? A,question/2345.htmlHow did Newton establish the conservation laws in the Principia? A,question/2349.htmlWhat events does the note at the beginning of Dialogue Concerning Two Systems refer to? A*^question/235.htmlAre ancient African mathematicians acknowledged in the history of mathematics? A,question/2351.htmlHistory of Coagulation of Milk by Short Waves A,question/2360.htmlWhat is the history of number theory? A,question/2362.htmlWhy is calculus missing from Newton's Principia? A,question/2367.htmlIs there any good book about the history of electricity? A,question/2369.htmlHow did Poincaré discover the fundamental group? A,question/2371.htmlDid breaking of discrete symmetries play a role in the development of steady-state cosmology? A,question/2372.htmlIs it true that Leibniz introduced "constant," "variable," and "function"? A,question/2378.htmlWhen do we see for the first time the use of the Cartesian coordinates? A,question/2380.htmlBooks on the History of Physics A,question/2383.htmlWhat are typical trigonometry textbooks in the 17 th century? A,question/2385.htmlWhy does JPL at NASA give two different values in astronomical units for planetary distances? A,question/2388.htmlWhat 19th century developments contributed to the General theory of Relativity? A,question/2389.htmlWho was the first to postulate that space was a vacuum? A,question/2396.htmlMathematical induction only dates from the Middle Ages? A,question/2397.htmlWhat resources are available for lives of recent mathematicians besides E.T. Bell's Men of Mathematics? A*question/24.htmlWhy isn't there a Nobel prize in Mathematics? A- question/2403.htmlIn which paper did the typical textbook diagrams of the Millikan experiment appear the first time? A,question/2404.htmlWhat are the most famous polymaths of the 20th century? A,question/2407.htmlViète's Relevance and his Connection to Euler A,question/2409.htmlFirst to note the relation between Stasheff polytopes (associahedra) and compositional inversion? A*_question/241.htmlWhat is the reason for the 'electromagnetism terminology' when discussing the conserved quantities found through Noether's theorem? A,question/2411.htmlHow did the loss of Einstein's first child affect his work? A,question/2412.htmlOrigin of the idea that 'bad' emotions cause cancer A,question/2414.htmlThe origin of the name "connection" in differential geometry A,question/2418.htmlWhy did Cantor (and others) use $\mathfrak{c}$ for the continuum? A-question/2422.htmlHow far can history of science be traced back? A,question/2424.htmlHow did Mersenne discover Mersenne primes? A,question/2427.htmlWas science the driving force behind the Apollo program? A,question/2428.htmlScientific discoveries that were made "late" A*`question/243.htmlWhy is Leibniz less well regarded? A,question/2432.htmlOrigin of alternate base annotation A,question/2433.htmlFrom the perspective of etymology, why was the word "magma" chosen to describe a set with a single binary operation defined on it? A,question/2435.htmlDid Guinness Book of Records screw up on the "longest-standing maths problem (ever)"? A,question/2437.htmlWhat is Heaviside's version of Maxwell's equations? A-question/2439.htmlHow did the theory of the Horus-eye fractions originate? A,question/2443.htmlWas the computer invented through the influence of the printing press or through the influence of the calculator? A,question/2445.htmlBiography of L. Euler A,question/2450.htmlHow has the definition of a tensor today changed compared to its original definition? A,question/2451.htmlReading material suggestion for history of Newton's laws of motion A,question/2454.htmlWhat were Newton's six laws of motion? A,question/2456.htmlHow did we come to the conclusion that light moves as fast as it does? A,question/2459.htmlAnalytic and holomorphic functions, definitions and foundations? A-question/2460.htmlWhy did Aristotle make mistakes in his laws of motion? A-0question/2463.htmlWho first realized that $\int \frac 1x dx =\ln(x)+c$? A-question/2465.htmlWhen and why did the concept of relativistic mass become outdated? A-question/2468.htmlAre there any famous physicists that never went to university? A-question/2469.htmlWho first used Banach's Contraction Principle to prove the Inverse Function Theorem? A*aquestion/247.htmlWhat is the modern significance of Theaetetus's classification of quadratic irrationals? A-question/2470.htmlReference Request: Books on the (general) History of Physics A-question/2472.htmlWho came up with the laws of conservation of momentum? A-question/2475.htmlWhat language was spoken at the International Mathematical Congress? A-question/2482.htmlHow did Weyl's 1918 paper; Gravitation and Electricity, influence classical physics? A- question/2486.htmlSource for Hilbert's famous quote "Mathematics in Göttingen? There really is none anymore" A-Squestion/2488.htmlWhere did Cartan introduce his notation for basis vectors and covectors? A- question/2490.htmlWhy do we call a linear mapping "linear mapping"? A- question/2495.htmlWhat was the historical context of the development of Taylor series? A- question/2498.htmlWhy is Einstein's mass-energy relation usually written as $E=mc^2$, and not $\Delta E=\Delta m c^2$? A-question/2503.htmlHow did Jun John Sakurai die? A-question/2504.htmlWhat is the origin of polynomials and notation for them? A-question/2506.htmlWhat is the historical basis for the length of a year? A-question/2510.htmlDid anybody question the indivisibility of the atom because there were "too many" elements? A-question/2512.htmlHow did mathematicians notate the empty set before $\varnothing$? A-question/2513.htmlWhat are Carl Friedrich Gauss's contributions to acoustics? A-question/2515.htmlTimeline of Leibniz' Propositional Logic A-question/2518.htmlWhy was Rene Descartes not knighted? A*gquestion/252.htmlConcept of a function and Idea of a formula as a function A-~question/2520.htmlDid Gauss formulate, or at least know of, the full essence of the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem? A-question/2521.htmlWhat is the complete list of Gauss's contributions to topology and knot theory? A-question/2522.htmlDid Gauss work on the theory of optical abberations? A-question/2523.htmlDo the words 'graphing' a function and 'graph' theory have a common ancestor? A-$question/2525.htmlWho is the father (if there is one) of string theory? A-question/2526.htmlIs there a biography of Ramanujan for mathematicians? A-question/2529.htmlWhat did Lagrange do with his quantity (the Lagrangian in classical mechanics)? A-question/2539.htmlBooks on Group Theory between 1885-1900 A*cquestion/254.htmlWhen and how was ionizing radiation found to be harmful? A-question/2542.htmlHow was the composition and structure of water determined? A-question/2547.htmlBook on Euclid's theorem from ~1910-1920 A- question/2548.htmlPhysics Curricula of 19th Century French Universities? A-!question/2552.htmlIs Coulomb's law the earliest mathematical formula describing electricity? A-"question/2553.htmlWhere did $P=VI$ come from? A-#question/2557.htmlWhy did the ancients believe celestial matter was of a different type than terrestrial matter? A*dquestion/256.htmlConsidered a breakthrough at its time – almost forgotten nowadays A-=question/2562.htmlGalois quote about his refused work A-%question/2563.htmlLagrange buried in the Panthéon A-&question/2565.htmlWho introduced the notion of comoving distance in cosmology? A-'question/2567.htmlWhy is kg the standard unit for mass and not g in SI? A*equestion/257.htmlWhat are the earliest accounts of publication bias? A-(question/2570.htmlWhen did we learn that our galaxy was merely one amongst many billions? A-)question/2576.htmlWhere did Mathematics establish its roots? A-*question/2578.htmlDid Dieudonné say "Euclid must go!" or "Down with Euclid! Death to triangles!"? A-+question/2580.htmlEnglish translation of Omar Khayyám's mathematical work A-,question/2582.htmlWhat was the typical format of a 16th century mathematical debate? A--question/2585.htmlFirst appearance of modern definition of a group A-Gquestion/2588.htmlHow can we account for the independent inventions of place value all using the same direction? A-/question/2594.htmlDmitri Mendeleev's Periodic Table A*question/26.htmlWas Occam’s razor ever wrong? A-^question/2604.htmlWhy did scientists think the orbit of Mars had the shape of a limaçon in the geocentric model? A-1question/2605.htmlThe terminologies "Adjoint" and "Adjugate" A-2question/2608.htmlWhy and when did some areas separate themselves from philosophy and some not? A-3question/2611.htmlHistory of measure theory A-4question/2616.htmlWhat are the most famous examples of theory rebranding? A-5question/2617.htmlWhen did people know that all real polynomials of degree greater than 2 are reducible? A-6question/2618.htmlFirst usage of binomial distribution A-7question/2621.htmlReflections in the 18th century A-8question/2622.htmlWhen was the term "field" first used in maths? A-9question/2624.htmlWhat were Riemann's other two submissions for his habilitation? A-:question/2629.htmlHow did Young perform his double slit experiment? A*fquestion/263.htmlDid Bertrand Russell leave the Second International Congress of Mathematicians to read Giuseppe Peano's Formulario? A-;question/2630.htmlAre Brillouin's papers translated into English? A-<question/2631.htmlHistorically, how did people define multiplication for negative numbers? A.Nquestion/2633.htmlHow did quantum mechanics become well known by (non)-scientific community. A->question/2637.htmlLooking for a Book Which Discusses the Standards of Rigor in Newton's Principia A-?question/2638.htmlLooking for a Book Which Discusses the Rigor in Newton's Principia Mathematica A-@question/2639.htmlWas Thomson's model of Plum Pudding widely accepted as a model of atom? A+2question/264.htmlTimeline of measurements of the electron's charge A-Aquestion/2640.htmlDid Gauss say "there have been but three epoch-making mathematicians, Archimedes, Newton and Eisenstein"? A-Bquestion/2643.htmlConflict between physics and philosophy A-Cquestion/2645.htmlWho discovered that the radius of the observable Universe is 46 billion ly? A-Dquestion/2651.htmlPlane/composite numbers as lines? A-Equestion/2652.htmlHistory of computing/computation in higher education A-Fquestion/2654.htmlWhy was the V-2 not a solid rocket, and/or what is the scientific history of solid rockets? A-Xquestion/2656.htmlWhat is the history behind the concept of "schemes" in algebraic geometry? A-Hquestion/2659.htmlWhat is the decade of experimentation that start to verify the formulas from mechanics of vibration? A*hquestion/266.htmlCould the industrial revolution have happened in Hellenistic Alexandria? A-Iquestion/2662.htmlWhy is Minkowski's question mark function denoted by a question mark? A-Jquestion/2663.htmlHistory of the geometric series A-Kquestion/2664.htmlWhen does the first vibration meter/tester exist in the earth? A-Lquestion/2667.htmlWhy is Ingenhousz's 1784 study of fine charcoal in uncovered alcohol interpreted as Brownian motion, thus giving him priority over Brown? A-Mquestion/2669.htmlThe history and motivation of eigenvectors A*iquestion/267.htmlBooks on the history of linear algebra A-Nquestion/2670.htmlHistory of summing integers with natural powers A-Oquestion/2675.htmlHistory of the delta potential barrier in Quantum Mechanics A-Pquestion/2676.htmlHistory of delta barrier in quantum mechanics A-Qquestion/2678.htmlHistory of the study of indeterminism in classical mechanics A-Rquestion/2679.htmlWhat theoretical basis did Reimers base his mass loss law on? A.question/2683.htmlWhy did Newton want lines to be generated by continued motion of points rather than by apposition of parts? A-Tquestion/2687.htmlDid Hooke's law come from experiments, or was it mathematically derived from Newtonian mechanics? A*jquestion/269.htmlWhen and by who was fluoride found to prevent tooth decay? A-Uquestion/2693.htmlDid anybody know Pi well enough in 1592 to celebrate Pi day? A-Vquestion/2694.htmlWhen was the term "union" first used? A-Wquestion/2697.htmlHow many proven theories have been debunked? A-Yquestion/2698.htmlWhy do we see the modern version of regression as "Fisher's regression"? A-question/2699.htmlOn the notion of a chain (as for example in chain complex) A-Zquestion/2704.htmlDid Archimedes know about Callipus? A-[question/2708.htmlPrimary reference for a formula related to the Faa di Bruno formula A-\question/2711.htmlWhat caused the name change from "analysis situs" to "topology"? A-]question/2713.htmlHow did Ising pronounce his name? A-`question/2715.htmlWhat are the uses and the origin of the constant $e$? A-_question/2716.htmlWere Lagrangian coordinates or Eulerian coordinates used first in continuum mechanics? A-aquestion/2718.htmlExploring problems about quadratic function (in one variable) across the ages A-bquestion/2722.htmlWhat was the reason for the immense progress of mathematics in 18th century? A-cquestion/2723.htmlHow did each base quantity get its name? A-dquestion/2737.htmlSecular Status Difference Between Applied and Pure Mathematics A-equestion/2740.htmlWhen did it become understood that irrational numbers have non-repeating decimal representations? A-gquestion/2741.htmlWas the term "manifold" (or its German equivalent) chosen with the verb "to fold" in mind? A*kquestion/275.htmlSignificance of partial melting as a form of melt production A-fquestion/2753.htmlWas there a flaw with scientific thinking that theories such as geocentrism were widely accepted in the past? A-hquestion/2754.htmlWhat was the earliest documented zoonosis? 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A1|question/6298.htmlFirst use of the term and principle of dynamic pressure — Daniel Bernoulli? A+Qquestion/630.htmlWas object oriented programming influenced by the mathematical category theory? A1Pquestion/6300.htmlTri-nary processor? A1Qquestion/6301.htmlDid Aristotle suggest that different kinds of sound might travel at different speeds? A1Rquestion/6302.htmlWhen was the speed of sound first "correctly" calculated? A1Squestion/6306.htmlWhere does the habit of calling the elements of a projective Hilbert space "rays" originate from? A1Tquestion/6307.htmlWhat was Zermelo's _reception_ of von Neumann's definition of ordinal numbers? A1Uquestion/6309.htmlTo constructivists, is "mind" more than a convenient synonym for "algorithm"? A1Vquestion/6313.htmlHow common were death and mutilation among chemists 1750-1950? A1Wquestion/6315.htmlCitation of Brouwer needed A1Xquestion/6317.htmlWhy is the letter $\vec{r}$ used for position? 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A1aquestion/6340.htmlHow would land "mount steadily in a continuous rise" if there was no difference between center of gravity and magnitude, according to Copernicus A1bquestion/6344.htmlHow Copernicus figured out that it took 7 parts of water and 1 part earth until the entire Earth was submersed in water A1cquestion/6347.htmlTools of the trade: were early scientists and mathematicians really "writing with feathers using light from burning animal fat?" A1dquestion/6348.htmlHow did Archimedes arrive at his principle in his time? A+Squestion/635.htmlHow did Napier come to invent logarithms? A1equestion/6350.htmlKepler's position with respect to Tycho Brahe's world system? A1fquestion/6355.htmlDid Cantor knew the work of Paul du Bois-Reymond (the original inventor of the diagonal argument proof method in mathematics)? A1gquestion/6358.htmlStory of Grothendieck's Prime Number A1hquestion/6359.htmlwho calculated for the first time the volume of a cylinder? How? 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A1pquestion/6383.htmlJournals of the early 20th century A1qquestion/6386.htmlInformation about a statement of Zermelo required A1rquestion/6389.htmlPaul Erdos' quote "Mathematics is not yet ready for such problems" A+Uquestion/639.htmlHistory of the term innovation and its difference with invention? A1squestion/6391.htmlEquation for the conservation of vis viva A1}question/6392.htmlName of a XIXth-century German scientist from the University of Berlin A1uquestion/6394.htmlWhat are other ancient encyclopaedic texts like Pliny's “Naturalis Historia” that were available in medieval times? A1vquestion/6395.htmlHow important were reprints of scientific articles in scientific practice and communications before the copier, the computer and the internet? A1wquestion/6396.htmlWhere and how did scientists of the 18th and 19th century learn foreign languages? A1xquestion/6397.htmlHistory of the arithmetic mean A*,question/64.htmlHow come we attribute the general theory of relativity to Einstein? 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Hilbert's 'unverstanden' 1904 Heidelberg ICM proposal for consistency proofs A+Yquestion/648.htmlWhat is the historical reasoning for electron orbital names? A1question/6480.htmlWhat did Lobachevsky do? A1question/6483.htmlSet Theory, onto and into their relation to spoken language definitions A1question/6494.htmlName of the Gamma function A1question/6496.htmlFirst use of the term/name "curved exponential family"? A1question/6498.htmlWhy did Einstein turn his back on a probabilistic universe? A1question/6502.htmlDid someone refer to a "plague of indices" in tensor calculus? A1question/6504.htmlSource: quote about problem solving A1question/6506.htmlHow does human design the first ruler? A1question/6508.htmlWho used "Tabellenstatistik" as a derogatory term in the history of biogeography? A+Zquestion/651.htmlWas the phlogiston theory ahead of its time? 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A1question/6749.htmlWhy is an inch (in the English Imperial system of measure) as long as it is? A+cquestion/675.htmlWhat's the origin and meaning of the adjective "free" in mathematics? A1question/6751.htmlHow did Euler stumble on this proof? A1question/6752.htmlAre there any records that show how Hilbert came to "invent" or "discover" Hilbert spaces? A1question/6753.htmlWhat is the name given to the principle that guides mathematical conventions like the product of two negative numbers is positive A1question/6756.htmlHistory of Braids A1question/6758.htmlMath development and under-appreciation of Maxwell's Equations A1question/6759.htmlWho knows Frank Irvin? A1question/6763.htmlWhen did usage of the word polynomial become standard? A1question/6766.htmlLooking for books on the history of chemistry? A1question/6767.htmlHow did Aristotle influence Euclid? A2question/6769.htmlCould scientists of Newton's time have explored the limits of his laws of motion? A2 question/6772.htmlDid Gauss's expression for the differential of the hyperbolic volume of the tetrahedron agree with later results? A2question/6776.htmlThe Origin of the Jacobian A2question/6778.htmlWhy was China slow to recognise the sphericity of Earth? A2question/6779.htmlHistory of PDE's in the 19th Century (part 2) A2question/6781.htmlAbout Sobolev Inequalities A2question/6784.htmlWho invented/discovered angular momentum? A2question/6785.htmlWho really discovered/invented the Hooke's law? A2question/6789.htmlHow to derive from Gauss's result on the volume of orthoscheme tetrahedron the formulas of Lobachevsky and Bolay? A+dquestion/679.htmlWhat cipher(s) did Isaac Newton use? A2question/6790.htmlWhy is the Digamma function always denoted with the letter "psi"? A2 question/6792.htmlMajor private labs that did physics research in the USA A2 question/6793.htmlAbout Sobolev inequalities A2 question/6794.htmlLord Kelvin's wonderful prediction A2 question/6797.htmlWhat has Einstein actually written about the chronology of his discoveries? A*.question/68.htmlDiscovery of Earth's magnetic field A2question/6800.htmlWhat are some of the oldest unsolved problems in mathematics? A2question/6802.htmlA question on Gauss' "Vicimus GEGAN" A2question/6804.htmlHow come so many laws were not discovered by people they are named after? A2question/6808.htmlFirst appearance of causality issues A2question/6810.htmlWhat was the impact on science and philosophy of the discovery that the Milkyway is not the whole Universe? A2question/6812.htmlWhen was $e$ first observed to not be a Liouville number? A2question/6817.htmlGalileo and normal distribution discovery A2question/6819.htmlCanonical examples of successful scientists giving detailed advice about doing science/mathematics? A2question/6820.htmlInvalid mathematical proof that was considered valid for the longest period of time? A2question/6826.htmlDirichlet integral's history A2question/6828.htmlBiographies comparing the personal and professional lives of various influential scientists/mathematicians? A2question/6829.htmlPhoton interpretation of G.I. Taylor's diffraction of feeble light A2question/6835.htmlWhy did it take an army of physicists, working on a huge complex, so long to produce a working nuclear device, while it seems so easy in theory? A2>question/6844.htmlWhere can I find Descartes' account of the rainbow? A2question/6846.htmlWhy second-order logic? A2question/6848.htmlAre there any undergraduate research/internship opportunities in math/science education/history? A+equestion/685.htmlWhy were geometers dissatisfied with the parallel postulate? A2Nquestion/6853.htmlInstances of alternative notation being used for the trigonometric functions? A2question/6854.htmlGentzen and computer science A2 question/6857.htmlHow did Gauss overcome the problem of curvature of sunlight rays when he developed his heliotrope? A+fquestion/686.htmlHow many papers on general relativity did Marcel Grossmann author or co-author? A2!question/6863.htmlWho originally derived the general force law equation of force between current elements? A2"question/6866.htmlgauss' opinion on de moivre's theorem A2#question/6867.htmlWhat is the correct statement of Cauchy’s erroneous theorem on continuity? A2$question/6868.htmlCapacitance or capacity? A2%question/6869.htmlHow did Ptolemy calculate the distance to the moon? A2&question/6872.htmlDid the Mayan's really predict the solar eclipse? A2'question/6879.htmlHow did scientists thought about human motivation before the term willpower came into fashion? A2(question/6881.htmlDoes Lakatos' argument in favour of 'informal mathematics' hold up in most cases? A2)question/6882.htmlInterpretation of $W$ in Boltzmann's entropy formula A2*question/6883.htmlWhen were the concepts of pure and applied Mathematics introduced? A2+question/6886.htmlSeeking sources: Catholic church and the development of mathematics A2,question/6899.htmlThe original paper by Kutta A2-question/6904.htmlDid Gödel know about Turing degrees in 1946? A2.question/6906.htmlWhose value of the distance to the Moon did Newton use? A2/question/6909.htmlWhat did Westinghouse use for power to drive Tesla's generators during the 1892 World's Fair A+gquestion/691.htmlWhat famous laws were named by their discoverer A20question/6912.htmlWhy is the Brayton cycle also known as the Joule cycle? What was Joule's contribution? A21question/6915.htmlDid Euler ever write $f(x)$, with parentheses? A22question/6922.htmlHas Euclid stated Cauchy's theorem? A2]question/6925.htmlWhen did the name “Boltzmann constant” prevail, and how? A24question/6929.htmlNature of Fermat's friend Lalouvère's activities as censor? A25question/6932.htmlWas Babylonian Mathematics as sophisticated as Greek mathematics? A26question/6934.htmlWho was the first known mathematician to graph an equation? A27question/6936.htmlWho first proved that $f_{xy} = f_{yx}$? A28question/6939.htmlHow was geometry with 3 dimensions discovered/invented? A29question/6941.htmlWhy is there some doubt whether or not Gauss saw the pseudosphere as the embodiment of hyperbolic geometry? A2:question/6942.htmlWho assigned the name "work" to the quantity $\int F\,{\rm d}r$? A2;question/6950.htmlWhen did the use of complex numbers become widespread in physics? A2<question/6951.htmlWho posed the separable quotient problem (and when)? 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A2Equestion/6984.htmlLaplace's characterization of Gauss as "a super-terrestrial spirit in a human body" A2question/6986.htmlSeeking numbers of German mathematics professors in 1890 A2Gquestion/6987.htmlDid Euclid formulate his definitions/postulates/common before or after writing all his theorems? A2Hquestion/6989.htmlWhat did Fermat do as a lawyer? A2Iquestion/6993.htmlWhy is the angular momentum written as JJ in quantum mechanics? A2Jquestion/6997.htmlWho are "analysts" and "synthesists" in mathematics? A2Kquestion/7004.htmlNomizu's structural approach to differential geometry A2Lquestion/7005.htmlWhen did statistics become an integral part of physics? A2Mquestion/7006.htmlWho was the first person to give a definition of the scientific method? A+iquestion/701.htmlHistorical Instances of Set Theory A2Pquestion/7011.htmlWhat is the origin of French/Burmester's curves? A2Oquestion/7013.htmlInvention of matrix symbols A2jquestion/7014.htmlSource of cartoon lampooning Felix Klein A2Qquestion/7018.htmlFirst appearance of tensor product symbol $\otimes$ A2Rquestion/7024.htmlWhat did the typical German student know before reading/studying Courant's Calculus when it was published? A2Squestion/7028.htmlIs there a formal distinction between potential and actual infinities? A2Tquestion/7031.htmlWhat was the significance of Eisenstein's discovery of invariants? A2Uquestion/7037.htmlWhat is the international standing of Italian mathematics? A2Vquestion/7042.htmlHow did Milikan know that oil drops would acquire only few electron charges? A2Wquestion/7043.htmlWho coined the term "iff" for "if and only if"? A+jquestion/705.htmlWho invented the way we write exponentiation? A2Xquestion/7051.htmlDid Maxwell discover the distribution of velocities in a gas during an exam set by Stokes? A2hquestion/7054.htmlDid anything significant happened in 1960s that involve neutron? A2Zquestion/7055.htmlWhy didn't Euclid's Elements treat conic sections? A2[question/7060.htmlWhat is the work of al-Khwārizmī for algorithms? A2\question/7063.htmlIntroduction of magnetic vector potential A2question/7066.htmlWhat astronomical reason led to the creation of the trigonometric sine and cosine? A2^question/7071.htmlWho Invented The Number Line? A2_question/7074.htmlWas Hilbert ambivalent about set theory? A2`question/7076.htmlWhy was yellow bile/choler believed to cause anger? A2aquestion/7078.htmlWhy was excess of blood believed to cause cheerfulness, hopefulness? A2bquestion/7079.htmlDetails of Hilbert's proof of the continuum hypothesis A2cquestion/7081.htmlHow did Born come up with the Canonical Commutation relation ($\hat X \hat P-\hat P\hat X=i\hbar$)? A2dquestion/7083.htmlWas Newton's method of finding derivatives of his fluents based on applying the chain rule? A2equestion/7086.htmlQuery re Physics-related quote about the amount of energy in water A2fquestion/7087.htmlWhere can I find the list of problems from the (Chinese) "Nine Chapters on Mathematical Art"? A2gquestion/7089.htmlDoes an English translation of Bombelli's L'Algebra exist? A2uquestion/7092.htmlWavelength definition of the metre A2iquestion/7094.htmlWho influenced Gauss in his abstract approach to mathematics? A2pquestion/7096.htmlResistor color code A2kquestion/7099.htmlDoctrine of the sterilazio magna A*-question/71.htmlDiscovery of magnetic field reversals? A+kquestion/710.htmlWhen was the cogwheel gear invented? A2lquestion/7100.htmlWhat caused or contributed to Euclid's Elements and Synthetic Geometry falling into disfavor? A2mquestion/7101.htmlHow was the focus/directrix property of conic sections discovered? A2nquestion/7105.htmlSpeed of light in aether A2oquestion/7107.htmlWhy is the azimuthal quantum number so named? A2question/7109.htmlDescription of the Monte Carlo roulette wheel in 1913 A+lquestion/711.htmlAre there any canonical books on history of science? A2qquestion/7112.htmlHow were variables used and understood in (particularly) 19th century maths? A2rquestion/7118.htmlWhy is kinetic energy denoted by the letter $T$ in quantum mechanics? A2squestion/7122.htmlWhen did the mediant ("freshman sum") of two fractions first appear in mathematics? A2tquestion/7125.htmlFirst appearance of the product symbol ($\Pi$) A2question/7129.htmlWhen was this projective property of an ellipse's directrix known? A2vquestion/7130.htmlWhat triggered the general relativity renaissance? A2wquestion/7132.htmlDefinitions of continuity pre-Dedekind A2xquestion/7134.htmlCompass and straightedge: why? A2yquestion/7137.htmlEndorsers of the method of well-ordering reported by Hausdorff? A2zquestion/7138.htmlWhy is distance sometimes abbreviated S? A2{question/7140.htmlThe Principia Mathematica's missing chapters A2|question/7144.htmlWhat was Euler's first language? A2}question/7148.htmlWhat equation is Stephen Hawking most noted for? A2~question/7150.htmlAlligation - when and why did it disappear? A2question/7152.htmlWho coined the term "degenerate star"? A2question/7156.htmlHistorical values of the index of refraction of air A2question/7157.htmlOrigin of heat kernel regularization A2question/7158.htmlWhether Euclid considered squares to be rectangles A+mquestion/716.htmlReference needed about history of classical mechanics A2question/7161.htmlWhat is the reason behind the decline of Indian Physics? A2question/7163.htmlHow was the sum of squares formula discovered by Archimedes? A2question/7166.htmlWhat is the origin of q-calculus notation? A2question/7169.htmlDid Einstein get inspired by projective geometry? A2question/7170.htmlWhat did the Greeks call the “trial and error” reasoning process? A2question/7175.htmlWhat is the first instance in which Mendeleev published a long-form table as compared with his 8-column table of 1869? A2question/7181.htmlWho was the first to use the "does not exist" sign ∄? A2question/7182.htmlWho invented the term "Kuhn loss"? A2question/7184.htmlGood book on the history of introductory physics (upto first year college) A+nquestion/719.htmlHow did scientists know how to build spacecraft before we got them into space? A2question/7193.htmlDid Galileo really see Galilean Moons? A2question/7195.htmlDoes war speed up technological advancements and research? A2question/7197.htmlWhich were the first PhD thesis in Mathematics and Physics? A2question/7200.htmlWhat is the history of how a neutron moderator is chosen in nuclear chain reactions? A2question/7201.htmlWho was first to recognize the link between (synthetic) elliptic geometry and geometry on the sphere? A2question/7203.htmlThe Original Proofs of The Stable Manifold Theorem A2question/7204.htmlReferences about the the development of the concept of mechanical work A2question/7206.htmlWhen did architects first become aware of the usefulness of the catenary arch? A2question/7212.htmlStraightedge and compass A2question/7214.htmlDid Euler or did D'Alembert incorporate initial conditions into the solution to the 1D wave equation? A2question/7216.htmlWho first noted the connection between Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and the Fourier Transform? A2question/7217.htmlHow scientifically valid were Galileo's heliocentric arguments? A2question/7221.htmlWho helped Watson and Crick discover DNA? A2question/7224.htmlWhen did people realize that the eye was a lens? A2question/7225.htmlPauli's first paper about the spin A2question/7232.htmlSuggestions for hosting a Scientific Salon of Paris in Émilie du Châtelet's time A2question/7234.htmlIs this Einstein rejection letter fake? A2question/7236.htmldiscrepancy between Rømer and Fahrenheit scale A2question/7238.htmlEarliest known usage of letter gamma "Γ" for reducible representation in group theory A+oquestion/724.htmlWas the convolution product invented or discovered? A2question/7240.htmlLooking for Cantor's correspondence A2question/7243.htmlHistorical development of role of astrology in medicine? A2question/7245.htmlHow did Lagrange get his equation (the so-called Euler-Lagrange equation) A2question/7247.htmlIn a popular anecdote, who took 20 minutes to decide that a thing was obvious? A2question/7250.htmlHow did Wittgenstein fulfill eligibility requirements for a PhD in philosophy without having a Bachelor's degree in philosophy? A2question/7253.htmlWhen was the square of negative numbers specified? A2question/7255.htmlWhen did mechanical tower clocks start being used? A3question/7258.htmlWhen did spring-driven clocks start being used? A2question/7259.htmlDid Indian astronomers realize the sphericity of the earth independently of the Greeks? A2question/7263.htmlSummary of Gauss's work on geodesic lines on ellipsoid A2question/7264.htmlWhy couldn’t the Burgess B Clock built in 1974 be built in 1775 by Harrison? A2question/7266.htmlDid Zermelo in 1914 miss the fact that there are only countably many finite strings? A+pquestion/727.htmlWho discovered smooth non-analytic functions of a real variable? A3question/7271.htmlWhen it was discovered that cubic equations always have roots? A2question/7276.htmlWhat were Gauss's results on the attraction of homogenous ellipsoids in his paper from 1813? A2question/7277.htmlHow did Pauli come to the Pauli exclusion principle? A+qquestion/728.htmlWhy did angular momentum get the letter L A2question/7280.htmlWhat evidence is there that the Babylonians used the Babylonain method of estimating square roots? A2question/7282.htmlWhat was Lebesgue's original definition of a measurable set? A2question/7283.htmlDo astronomers still use decimal time? A2question/7288.htmlWho first derived $a =v^2/r$ A2question/7291.htmlNotation for fiber bundles - why E for total space? A2question/7292.htmlHas science fiction ever caused scientists to do real research? A3%question/7298.htmlWas Captain Cook’s voyage to observe the transit of Venus going to enable better ship navigation at the time? A2question/7299.htmlPoincaré and the baker: was the anecdote true? A+rquestion/730.htmlAre there any theorems that become "lost" and discarded over time? A2question/7304.htmlD'Alembertian symbol $\Box$ A2question/7307.htmlWhen did set theory throw off theology? A2question/7309.htmlWho was (were) the first mathematician(s) who did not doubt the empty set? A2question/7314.htmlTextbook on the History of General Relativity A2question/7318.htmlMathematics PhD dissertations that opened a new field of research A2question/7323.htmlWas a regular heptagon ever constructed by ancient Greeks? A2question/7326.htmlHow was the idea of observation error introduced? A+squestion/733.htmlAbout Archimedes methods in the discovered palimpsest A3 question/7332.htmlA peculiar quote from Oliver Heaviside A2question/7334.htmlHow was invented quadratic equation? A2question/7337.htmlWho was the first to understand the concept of outer-space? A2question/7339.htmlWas carbon dioxide also called carbonic acid historically? A2question/7341.htmlWho coined the term ''Born's rule''? A2question/7343.htmlWho introduced moments of a random variable first? A2question/7347.htmlIndiana Pi Bill: Other attempts to establish mathematical truth by legislative fiat? A2question/7349.htmlWho proved the monotone convergence theorem for the Lebesgue integral? A2question/7351.htmlWhy are microcanonical, canonical and macrocanonical ensembles called that way? A2question/7354.htmlRiemann's moduli and Dedekind's modules: any connection? A2question/7355.htmlWas Paul Cohen a student or assistant of Gödel? A2question/7360.htmlHow many digits of Pi did the old Egyptians know? A2question/7363.htmlWho discovered the Virial Theorem? A2question/7366.htmlWhen did people first become concerned about mercury in fish? A2question/7369.htmlwhen were dot product and cross product discovered ? Also, was quaternions discovered before or after this? A+xquestion/737.htmlWho came up with the "proof" that all triangles are isosceles? A2question/7370.htmlWho first invented the programmable digital computer? A2question/7371.htmlWho coined the term "uniform" as in "uniform distribution"? A2question/7372.htmlWhat is history behind Smith-Volterra-Cantor sets? A2question/7378.htmlAre there any records of the history for the development of speculum alloy? A2question/7379.htmlEinstein really didn't "accept" quantum mechanics? A+uquestion/738.htmlAre Leibnizian infinitesimals thought to be logical fictions by Leibniz scholars? A3Qquestion/7383.htmlWho extended the Euclidean algorithm to derive the Bezout identity? A3question/7386.htmlWho first described the fundamental group as the group of deck transformations? A3question/7390.htmlWhat was Pauling's claim about vitamin C A3question/7392.htmlHow was the Antikythera Mechanism moved? A3question/7393.htmlWhat were 12 year old Pitts' objections to Principia Mathematica? A3question/7397.htmlWhen was the Server Side Include feature of web servers first made available? A3question/7402.htmlWho first noticed that the radiation pressure formula $p=U/c$ agreed with $E=pc$ from special relativity? A3question/7405.htmlReference Request: Books on the work of Imre Lakatos A+vquestion/741.htmlPeano's Axioms: their real origin A3question/7411.htmlWhat field will we be remembered for developing? A3 question/7412.htmlmathematicians attempts at proving Euclid postulate A3"question/7416.htmlWhat is Newman's "infinite number of curves"? A3 question/7417.htmlAuthor of a review in *Mercure de France* A+wquestion/742.htmlWhen was string theory first heralded as a theory of everything? A3question/7420.htmlHow influential was the Kerala school to European development in Calculus? A3 question/7421.htmlWas Aristotle first to talk about gravity? A3question/7423.htmlIs there an anthology of classic papers on electricity? A3:question/7427.htmlWhat is Peirce doing in this pre-Chi-squared example? A3question/7428.htmlWhen were adversarial techniques first used in machine learning? A3question/7430.htmlWhat were the early uses of differential equations for modeling chemical reactions? A3question/7432.htmlIs there an analog of Ginga style in mathematics? A3question/7437.htmlWhere did Fermi get the U235 for the first nuclear pile? A3question/7438.htmlDid the B reactor at Hanford make use of U235 without having U238 enriched ? A3question/7440.htmlWhy was Beaumont's steam engine not replicated for about 100 years? A3question/7442.htmlHow's Helmholtz correct that "Whoever in the pursuit of science, seeks after immediate practical utility may rest assured that he seeks in vain"? A3question/7444.htmlOldest example of (intentional) PID control A,question/745.htmlDid the pioneers of nuclear physics and radioactivity eventually get sick from their experiments? A3question/7451.htmlWhen did the concept of temperature first arise? A3question/7454.htmlPriority on lemniscate of Gerono? A3question/7456.htmlHow old is the Pythagorean Theorem? A3question/7459.htmlAre Arthur C. Clarke and Arthur A. Clarke the same? A3question/7461.htmlWho decided on the convention for ordinal multiplication? A38question/7463.htmlOn the creation of analytical geometry A3question/7465.htmlIn history of algebra, who was the first to add one equation to another equation? A3question/7468.htmlDid Richard Feynman ever meet Stephen Hawking or comment on Hawking radiation? A3 question/7469.htmlWhat is the history and motivation for the (d-1,1) notation used to describe a field theory? A3!question/7472.htmlWhy the concept of energy was that lately established? A3Bquestion/7474.htmlFirst appearance of the term sinus cardinalis A3#question/7475.htmlWhen was it first noticed, or demonstrated, that radioactive material became warm? A3$question/7477.htmlWas there an intentional purge of all audio recordings of Alan Turing? A3question/7478.htmlWho was this man (who is not Bruno Pontecorvo)? A3&question/7479.htmlDid Aristotle note that ships disappear over the horizon hull-first? A3'question/7483.htmlWhere does the letter S in "$S$-units" and in localization $S^{-1} R$ come from? A3(question/7484.htmlWhat was Gauss's theoretical work related to his invention of the "Double-Gauss lens"? A3)question/7487.htmlAre Gauss' electrodynamics laws for charge-charge interaction correct at all? A3*question/7489.htmlWhy didn't Mendel's experiments draw attention until the 20th century? A3+question/7490.htmlHelp translate from German a quote by Hermann Weyl in Space Time Matter A3,question/7499.htmlOn the birthdate of Gotthold Eisenstein A3-question/7501.htmlWhat did Albert Einstein mean by "psychical entities"? A3.question/7503.htmlSeveral questions about Gauss's contributions to electromagnetism A3/question/7504.htmlWhy was Courant's "Methods of Mathematical Physics" suppressed, by the Germans, during WW2? A30question/7506.htmlWhen was relativistic mass first observed? A+question/751.htmlHow certain is it that Lucas invented the Towers of Hanoi puzzle? A31question/7510.htmlWhy did Noether's theorem take so long to show up? A32question/7513.htmlFoundational crises in non-Western historical mathematical communities A33question/7515.htmlHistorically how it was discovered that we need fields to describe matter? A34question/7517.htmlLaw of the Unconscious Statistician - history of the term? A35question/7520.htmlWhat were the first practical applications of Newton's mechanics on engine design? A36question/7522.htmlNotation $n=efr$ in algebraic number theory A37question/7524.htmlDo these trigonometric identities belong to Antonio Cagnoli? A3iquestion/7526.htmlCan we identify Paul Benacerraf in these photos A+zquestion/753.htmlTwo competing definitions at the birth of the unit "meter" A39question/7533.htmlStatistical Power as a Microscope Metaphor A3Mquestion/7538.htmlOrigin of the smooth but nowhere real analytic function built with dyadic rationals A3;question/7539.htmlQuery 31 in Newton's opticks and the second law of thermodynamics A3<question/7541.htmlCoverage of a topic by scientific research through time A3=question/7543.htmlHistorical evidence for claim that we use base 10 because of the number of fingers A3>question/7544.htmlEtymology of Some Terms Used in Ratio and Proportion in Old Algebra Textbooks A3?question/7545.htmlWas the telegraph system of 1859 powered by AC or DC and how extensive was it? A, question/755.htmlWhy should February have 28 days? A3@question/7552.htmlSphericity of Earth from lunar eclipses - is Aristotle's argument valid? A3Aquestion/7553.htmlChecking a Godel quote on *Principia Mathematica* A3equestion/7554.htmlDid Srinivasa Ramanujan have a surviving sibling? A3Cquestion/7556.htmlThe Greeks did not discover "a single scientific law" A3Dquestion/7557.htmlWhat are some good metrics for intellectual progress (of all sorts)? A3Equestion/7563.htmlWho did say that anyone who discover a new particle should be fined instead of receiving a prize? A3Fquestion/7564.htmlFrom a historical perspective why is beta decay associated with an anti neutrino instead of a neutrino? A3Gquestion/7565.htmlWho discovered the expansion for factorial as a successive difference of integers? A3Hquestion/7568.htmlHistory of group theory character tables (as used in physics and chemistry) A3Iquestion/7572.htmlWhen, and by whom was the Schwarzschild metric first taken to be valid for all radii greater than zero? A3Jquestion/7574.htmlWhere to find a list of laurates of the Volta prize? A3Kquestion/7576.htmlFailures in math A3Lquestion/7578.htmlWhy statistical moments are called moments? A3nquestion/7579.htmlQuestion about Gauss's contributions to the theory of electric circuits A3Nquestion/7585.htmlGauss's anticipation of quaternions and their relation to congruences A3Oquestion/7588.htmlWhat was the aperture of the first Galileo's telescope? A+|question/759.htmlHow did Stephen Hawking conduct research? A3Pquestion/7592.htmlWhat inspired Nicholson to break water into hydrogen and oxygen with electricity? A3zquestion/7600.htmlWhat are the modern connections of the Pentagramma Mirificum studied by Gauss? A3Rquestion/7603.htmlReference - Schwarz's Proof of Clairaut's Theorem A3Squestion/7605.htmlWhen was Euler's log-sine integral first computed by real methods? A3Tquestion/7606.htmlDid amateurs ever produce important proofs or similar? A3Uquestion/7614.htmlWhat does the "G" for the similitude groups stand for? A3Vquestion/7615.htmlWas the equivalence of mass-energy referred to the rest or kinetic mass? A3Wquestion/7617.htmlThe Discovery of Atoms A3Xquestion/7618.htmlEnglish Literature/Medicine-18th Century Childbirth- Anyone know anything about the tools or process? A+}question/762.htmlWhen/How were the product and chain rules first proved? A3Yquestion/7620.htmlCould someone have discovered the moons of Jupiter before Galileo? A3Zquestion/7622.htmlDirichlet's Proof of the Convergence of Fourier Series A3[question/7626.htmlQuantitative measures of rise and decline of scientific fields over time (beyond number of publications) A3\question/7627.htmlWas annihilation considered in 1905? A3]question/7628.htmlWhat is the modern interpretation of Gauss's "Summatorische Function"? A3^question/7633.htmlWhat is the origin of "law of excluded middle"? A3_question/7636.htmlReference for Math-Physics history book A3`question/7637.htmlWhereabouts of oldest extant source for Apollonius’ *Conics*, Books I - IV A3aquestion/7639.htmlWas the United Kingdom the only faction in the Second World War that used Operations Research? A3bquestion/7642.htmlhistorical examples of "pseudoscience" becoming "science" A3cquestion/7643.htmlIt is believed by many that Galois penned down his ideas in a letter to his friend the day before his A3dquestion/7644.htmlWho first solved the two-body problem in 3D? A3question/7646.htmlWhat mathematical techniques Gauss used in order to tessellate the unit disk? A3fquestion/7651.htmlWhen and why did people stopped using "natural philosophy" term and started using "science"? A3gquestion/7658.htmlHistory of hypergeometric equation A3hquestion/7664.htmlHow did people believe Aristotle's law of gravity for so long? A3lquestion/7666.htmlHow old might Emmy Noether be in this picture? A3jquestion/7667.htmlPopper on Marx, Freud and Darwin A3kquestion/7669.htmlWho introduced passive/active gravitational mass? A3question/7671.htmlWhat was the main language in science/mathematics before 1850 A3mquestion/7675.htmlWhat is the etymology of the term "mode" in statistics? A3question/7676.htmlWho determined whether surfaces between magnetic poles attract/repel or whether the poles' volumes do? A3oquestion/7681.htmlWho first came up with the idea that heavenly laws and earthly laws should be the same? A3pquestion/7682.htmlExistence of Pythagoras Resources A3qquestion/7686.htmlHow did the terms "center" and "centralizer" come up in group theory? A3rquestion/7689.htmlWhat work did Hideki Yukawa do during the Second World War? A+~question/769.htmlWhen and by whom was the term 'momentum' introduced? A3squestion/7692.htmlOrigin of Compactness A3tquestion/7694.htmlHow did people in pre-Ampere period deduce this? A3uquestion/7696.htmlHow many active mathematicians were there in Euler's time? A3vquestion/7697.htmlWho originated the concept of making the point dimensionless? A3wquestion/7702.htmlStrange pattern in Math Genealogy A3xquestion/7703.htmlexperimental evidence of fusion A3yquestion/7704.htmlWas English mathematics behind Europe by many years because of Newton's notation? A3question/7706.htmlWhat was the main language in science/mathematics between 1850 and 1950 and beyond A3{question/7707.htmlIn the old days, how did chemists trap and measure gases? A3|question/7708.htmlBooks on the history of influential Treatises on Calculus and Analysis A3}question/7709.htmlPrecision of Ancient/Medieval Astronomy (wrt Eclipses) A+question/771.htmlWhat is so mysterious about Archimedes' approximation of $\sqrt 3$? A3~question/7713.htmlWhen was the energy of the electron first measured? A3question/7716.htmlWhen was the nine point conic discovered? A3question/7726.htmlWhere does the prefix "super" from "supersymmetry" come from? A3question/7729.htmlWhy is the amount of charge needed to generate 1 unit of electric flux, called permittivity? A+question/773.htmlWhen was the vector notation in physics and other sciences first introduced? A3question/7731.htmlMathematics development can sometimes **exceed** the practical needs, right? A3question/7733.htmlQuestion about Leibniz's "characteristic numbers" and propositional logic A3question/7734.htmlDid Sommerfeld derive or measure the fine structure constant the first time he introduced it? A3question/7736.htmlWhat does Rousseau mean by "Baroco des Logiciens"? A3question/7739.htmlwho was the "nabob" Truesdell thinking of? A+question/774.htmlWhy did mathematicians not see that $f_n(x)=x^n$ is a counterexample to Cauchy's "theorem" about limits of continuous functions? A3question/7740.htmlWho coined the term "immune system"? A3question/7741.htmlExample of: Two researchers working on the same question but get opposite conclusions A3question/7745.htmlHow did the integer degrees angles counting being first adopted in geometry and mathematics? A3question/7749.htmlWhy were extremely accurate sundials necessary in India? A3question/7750.htmlWhen was the first appearance of the abbreviation RSA? A3question/7751.htmlDid Einstein say "We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used to create them"? A3question/7752.htmlWere there proofs of the Lebesgue Differentiation Theorem without using maximal functions? A3question/7757.html"Species" and "terms" meaning polynomials and monomials A3question/7760.htmlDid Nikolai Luzin plagiarize? A3question/7762.htmlWhy did Schrödinger choose a cat for his thought experiment? A3question/7764.htmlWhat is the origin of "normal" in normal coordinates and normal modes? A3question/7765.htmlGregory's integration of $\sec\theta$ A3question/7773.htmlA portrait of Bombelli A3question/7775.htmlDid Cyrano de Bergerac's space ship have retro-rockets? A3question/7776.htmlWhat is the purpose of Gauss in his letter to János Bolyai when he mentioned "howling Boeotians"? A3question/7781.htmlCantor's fortune A3question/7783.htmlReal effects long thought to be coincidences A3question/7784.htmlHow to understand `After quantum mechanics, nature itself suddenly became linear`? A3question/7785.htmlWho solved the particle-in-a-box model first? A3question/7789.htmlHow did early scientists know if a current was changing direction? (AC vs. DC) A+question/779.htmlWhen was the term 'elementary function' first coined and who did it? A3question/7800.htmlAn English translation of Cauchy's "Cours d'Analyse" A3question/7801.htmlPythagorean and the number 17 A3question/7804.htmlConcept of electric flux A3question/7805.htmlWhen and why did $\frac{dy}{dx}$ become $\frac{d}{dx}y$? A3question/7807.htmlWhy is umbral calculus not used more widely? A3question/7809.htmlIn which 1644 publication did Pietro Mengoli first pose the Basel Problem? A3question/7811.htmlAre there historical origins of "robotic" voices seen in earlier sci fi movies? A3question/7813.htmlJordan's Paper on the Jordan Canonical Form A3question/7819.htmlWho solved the quantum harmonic oscillator? A3question/7822.htmlWhen and why was inversive geometry created/studied? A4Fquestion/7823.htmlOrigins of molecular orbital diagrams? A3question/7826.htmlIs there anything written by Newton's roommate Wilkins about him? A3question/7828.htmlWhere is the Foucault pendulum in Mainz? A+question/783.html3 Poles and 3 Texans who had read "Principia Mathematica" A3question/7830.htmlMax Planck and energy quantization idea A3question/7832.htmlDistinguishability of particles in statistical mechanics A3question/7834.htmlHistory of the Gauss Circle Problem A3question/7835.htmlWho correctly first explained the reason why you can see certain constellations only in certain seasons? A3question/7839.htmlAbout the quantum mechanical relation $\:qp-pq= \mathrm{i}\hbar I\:$ A3question/7842.htmlWho discovered Bremsstrahlung? A3question/7845.htmlDoubt regarding "Two New Science" by Galileo Galilei A3question/7847.htmlPlanck's quantization idea A3question/7849.htmlCentroid in Babylonian Mathematics A3question/7853.htmlDegenerate States in Quantum Mechanics A3question/7854.htmlMetre definition using a seconds pendulum A3question/7858.htmlWhy did "cold fusion" come to mean Fleischmann-Pons fusion instead of μCF? A3question/7859.htmlHow was the term speed treated in the 16th and 17th centuries? A3question/7861.htmlEnglish equivalent for a German idiom concerning integration A3question/7862.htmlDid Euclid consider circle segments as another magnitude? A3question/7863.htmlWhy didn't Euclid try to assign numbers to lengths? A3question/7865.htmlGrand Prix in Mathematics of the French Academy of Sciences A3question/7867.htmlOn what basis did Kennedy think that humans could land on the moon so quickly? A+question/787.htmlHow did Babylonians figure out that the evening star is the morning star? A3question/7870.htmlDoes anybody know the history of how Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet came up with the “nowhere continuous” Dirichlet function? A3question/7873.htmlLengths as equivalence classes A3question/7876.htmlReally confused about the history of logic / proofs / etc A3question/7879.htmlSeveral questions about Gauss's mathematical conception of braids A+question/788.htmlHow did the notion of "time" come in the world of physics? A3question/7881.htmlWas Newton's successful calculation of precession of equinoxes a fluke? A3question/7882.htmlDid Eudoxus really set out to present irrationals as Dedekind cuts? A3question/7891.htmlWhat brought about the need for real analysis and formal logic in recent years? A3question/7895.htmlWas 360 considered a magic number, possibly? A3question/7898.htmlIs there any historical mention of Richard Feynman being aware of multiverse theories of cosmology? A3question/7899.htmlWhat are some good books that interweave the history of math and art from renaissance onward? A3question/7901.htmlHas anything survived of the work of alleged science journalist and medical doctor 'Adolph Klein', allegedly born 1829 in Merseburg? A3question/7903.htmlWhat was the relation between Euclid's points and Democritus' atoms? A3question/7907.htmlHas the standard of mathematical proofs changed over time? A+question/791.htmlWhen in the history of physics did 'laws of nature' become the primary form of explanation? A4qquestion/7912.htmlWho used the symbol $S_n$ for "rotation reflection" as a symmetry operation? A3question/7914.htmlOriginal document of the Gaussian integral A4question/7917.htmlEarliest drawings of the plots of trigonometric functions A3question/7918.htmlWere the ancient Greeks aware of the "topology" of (Euclidean) space? A3question/7919.htmlDoes any extant Greek text prove that the area of an inscribed regular polygon increases with the number of sides? A3question/7920.htmlMeaning of passages by Gauss on the "convergence of expansions (in infinite series) of the (elliptical) equation of the center"? A3question/7921.htmlName of the paper that suffered a famous editor mistake A3question/7922.htmlWhat was the old system of using right circular cones to solve problems about circles in the plane? A3question/7925.htmlOrigin of the coulomb and ampere A3question/7931.htmlExplanation of Gauss's late fragments dealing with "the conformal image of the ellipse" A4question/7933.htmlWhy did Euclid define "a unit" instead of "the unit"? A3question/7936.htmlDid Ludwig Boltzmann read Albert Einstein's publication published on Brownian motion one year before Boltzmann passed away? A3question/7938.htmlHow did Romans do multiplications? A3question/7942.htmlWhat pythagorean table looked like? A3question/7943.htmlWhat are natural science concepts that were once thought the same, but grew to be distinguished? A3question/7944.htmlWhy do we call Chinese monoid "Chinese"? Why not "American"? A4 question/7946.htmlIrrational numbers math in old Roman age A3question/7948.htmlWhat motivated the choice of the word "model" in model theory? A3question/7950.htmlModern Views on Pythagoras A3question/7951.htmlHow widespread was the belief that the earth is round in Europe until the Renaissance? A3question/7957.htmlWhat are some good references elucidating the discovery/creation of Fourier Series? A3question/7960.htmlWho first proved Fubini's theorem for abstract measure spaces? A3question/7963.htmlFirst discussion of radial/volume excess in General Relativity A3question/7964.htmlWhy is Riemann's dissertation (from 1851) considered a turning point in the history of the theory of conformal mappings? A3question/7967.htmlOrigin of Gauss-Newton method A3question/7969.htmlClairaut's proposed correction (reported as "D'Alembert's, Clairaut's and Euler's corrections") to the Newtonian inverse-square law of gravity A3question/7974.htmlNotation for Christoffel symbols A3question/7976.htmlWas Lorentz aware of Le Sage theory? A3question/7977.htmlWhat if we measure a physical constant to higher accuracy? A3question/7981.htmlLomonsov gravity vs liberal-relativistic gravity A3question/7982.htmlWhat are historical applications of geometry to measuring distances beyond human reach? A4question/7983.htmlBiographical informations on Igor Ado A4question/7988.htmlDid Michel Rolle say that the calculus is "a collection of ingenious fallacies"? A4question/7992.htmlHow did people figure out the formula for mechanical work, and related it to energy? A4question/7994.htmlHow was gravity explained in Ancient Greek and Roman times? A4question/7998.htmlWhy was the idea of anti-particles having negative mass abandoned? A4question/7999.htmlWhy do mathematicians call ~ 'twiddle'? A*question/8.htmlWhat theories preceded the wave, particles and duality models of light? A4question/8002.htmlPop-sci books that were publicly influential but based on weak science A4&question/8004.htmlHow did people measure electric charge at the time of Coulomb? A4question/8010.htmlWho came up with a number of the theoretical plates equation? A4[question/8012.htmlHow did ancients differenciate between inner and outer planets? A4 question/8021.htmlHow was the historical definition of the meter used in practice? A4 question/8024.htmlIf John Michell was more well known, would he rank above Isaac Newton in the history of science? A4 question/8027.htmlWhy are permutations ($_nP_r$) called differently in non-English languages ("variations" in German)? A4 question/8028.htmlBig list: things used before they were named A4question/8032.htmlHow did Reginald Fessenden realize that spark-gaps could generate waves and the modulation of those waves with voice? A4question/8035.htmlWhy is the H theorem called the big Eta theorem? A4question/8037.htmlLevel of maths of engineers in the Industrial Revolution A4question/8039.htmlDid Galois make use of the concept of a basis? A4question/8043.htmlmathematical development A4question/8045.htmlWho was the first scientist to develop the concept and mathematical formula of string theory? A4question/8047.htmlWho was L. Aubry? A4question/8050.htmlWhat geometric results were first proven by assuming all real numbers are rational? A4question/8055.htmlWho was the first person who emphasis the importance of proof? A4question/8057.htmlThe exhausting Greek fear of infinity A4question/8059.htmlHeat Capacity versus Fourier's Law A4question/8061.htmlwho proved discrete spectrum of Laplace-Beltrami on compact Riemannian manifolds? A4question/8062.htmlWas further research done about the invention of Algebra? A4question/8064.htmlWhy are partial derivatives necessary when deriving the equation for a vibrating string? A4question/8068.htmlWhen were polynomial equations first factored? A4question/8071.htmlWhat is the story behind the recently discovered gear fragment of Olbia? A4question/8073.htmlWhat is the intuition behind Brahmagupta’s rule for multiplying negative numbers? A4question/8074.htmlWhat is the relationship between the word "kernel" that means nullspace and the "kernel" of an integral transform? A4 question/8076.htmlRocket & drag equation? A4!question/8080.htmlWhat was Newton's view of theory of matter? A4"question/8083.htmlHow was it discovered how many electrons are in one coulomb? A4#question/8086.htmlWas "peasant multiplication" ever used as the predominant method of multiplication? A4$question/8087.htmlGentzen systems and natural deduction A4%question/8090.htmlWas the value of the mole invented or discovered in chemistry? A4*question/8091.htmlHistoric misidentification of transuranium elements? A4'question/8094.htmlHow close was Hooke to developing a comprehensive system of gravity? A4(question/8095.htmlEuclid’s Proposition I.3 overused? A4)question/8099.htmlHow did the modern understanding of Galois theory come about? A4question/8101.htmlWhat were the 3 critical experiments and the argument given by Ampère which helped in determining the magnetic field made by electric current? A4+question/8104.htmlOrigin of arcminutes, arcseconds, "arcthirds," "arcfourths," etc A4,question/8109.htmlWhy are X and Y commonly used as mathematical placeholders? A4-question/8113.htmlOriginal paper of Gauss on his method of quadrature A4.question/8114.htmlWho came up with R for the universal gas constant? A4/question/8115.htmlGeneral Relativity, General Covariance and Equivalence Principle A40question/8116.htmlHow did the early chemists make a connection between gram formula weight with 1 mole and Avogadro's number? A41question/8118.htmlHow did Quetelet discover that the body mass is proportional to the squared height? A42question/8121.htmlHow did Ruffini discover his method of polynomial division? A43question/8123.htmlDid Galileo state the principle of equivalence in full generality? A44question/8124.htmlEgyptian number system? A45question/8129.htmlWho came up with a formula expressing the sign function in terms of the absolute value? A46question/8130.htmlHow did the proofs of uniqueness of additive inverses originate historically? A47question/8132.htmlWhy is differentiation under the integral sign named the Leibniz rule? A48question/8136.htmlWhere did the story about Newcomb observing Benford’s Law come from? A49question/8139.htmlHow did scientists (or researchers ) discover prograde and retrograde burns? A4:question/8145.htmlDiscovery of the Power Series Form of the Exponential Function A4;question/8146.htmlHow did Huygens derive the conservation law for of kinetic energy? A4<question/8150.htmlWhat new physics was discovered or needed as a result of the Manhattan Project? A4=question/8155.htmlThe Hahn-Kolmogorov Extension Theorem A4>question/8156.htmlWhen was the term "corollary" first used in proofs? A4?question/8162.htmlWhat algebra problem did Serge Lang give to calculus students? A4@question/8163.htmlDid Einstein want to reduce general relativity to elementary mathematics? A4Aquestion/8166.htmlOrigin of the expression “Fundamental theorem of Algebra” A4Bquestion/8167.htmlHow did Newton and Leibniz interpret the integral? A4Cquestion/8169.htmlCharge concept before discovery of electron A4Dquestion/8171.htmlWhy is the problem of demarcation important in the history of science? A4Equestion/8173.htmlDid Maxwell originally write his equations using quaternions? A4question/8176.htmlHow did the early chemists determine the atomic weight of hydrogen? A4Gquestion/8179.htmlWhere the term elasticity (of a function) come from? A4Hquestion/8181.htmlRiemann's Contribution to Integration A4Iquestion/8184.htmlExamples of when the professional scientists or mathematicians were wrong, but the nonprofessionals were right A4Jquestion/8192.htmlThe Integral as a Uniform Limit of Step Functions A4Kquestion/8198.htmlFrege alluded to a logic algorithm? A*/question/82.htmlWhat examples led to the modern definition of a topological space? A4Lquestion/8205.htmlReference request concerning an alleged Jewish contribution to the early theory of light refraction, and to the first geometry textbook in Europe A4Mquestion/8210.htmlAt what point did Calculus become a required field of study for aspiring scientists? A4Nquestion/8211.htmlDid the author of Alice in Wonderland make any substantial original discoveries in mathematics? A4Oquestion/8214.htmlDid the French ever use the decimal time in science? A4Pquestion/8216.htmlHow did Peano prove his existence theorem without Ascoli's theorem? A4Qquestion/8219.htmlWhat are some references that Lev Landau was atheist? A4Rquestion/8222.htmlWho associated the sharp, principal, diffuse, fundamental spectral terms with electron's momentum? A4Squestion/8223.htmlIs there any relation of the word "normal" with a subgroup being normal? A4Tquestion/8224.htmlWhere is the first reference to the "Z combinator", a call-by-value fix-point combinator? A4Uquestion/8225.htmlWhat was the motivation for Cauchy's Integral Theorem? A4Vquestion/8232.htmlHigh voltage / current sources in 19th century cathode ray experiments A4Wquestion/8234.htmlWho discovered fluid visocity? A4Xquestion/8236.htmlWhat was the scientific explanation of earthquakes in the 18th century? A4Yquestion/8237.htmlResources for handwritten scientific notes? A4Zquestion/8242.htmlHow on Earth did Ampere come up with Ampere's circuital law? A4question/8243.htmlEarliest Instances of a Slope/Direction Field for a First-Order ODE A4\question/8244.htmlWhat were the smallest numbers encountered in history? A4]question/8245.htmlWhy does the US keep survey miles and feet? A4^question/8250.htmlCould someone explain Vives logical notation? A4_question/8251.htmlWhat's the relationship between Aristotle's theory of elements and motion and geometry? A4`question/8256.htmlWhat are some of the earliest mentions of scientific "cranks"? A4aquestion/8260.htmlMathematical analysis vs. Practical genius A4bquestion/8262.htmlIn the world before thermometers did people use freezing points as a sort of proto-thermometer? A4cquestion/8265.htmlHow did Eratosthenes determine that Alexandria and Syene were on the same meridian? A4dquestion/8266.htmlWhen and how did usage of the term Centigrade give way to Celsius? Are/were they in fact numerically identical? A4equestion/8270.htmlWhy is electric dipole moment represented by “p”? A4fquestion/8271.htmlIs it a historical coincidence that relative atomic weights by chemical methods and mass spectrometry are very close? A4gquestion/8276.htmlDoes the story about Thales and the heights of pyramids illustrate that Thales did not know of AAA triangle similarity? A4hquestion/8277.htmlCourant (1943) and History of Finite Element Method A4iquestion/8278.htmlEarliest Known reference to a female scientist? A4jquestion/8282.htmlCommunication using mathematical notation among people of different languages A4kquestion/8283.htmlWhere does the word ``sine'' (as in $\sin x$) come from? A4lquestion/8286.htmlHow did Maxwell fall short of Einstein? A4mquestion/8288.htmlDuality while studying properties of an ensemble A4nquestion/8292.htmlWhy didn't John von Neumann win the Turing Award, Fields Medal or Nobel Prize? A4oquestion/8294.htmlWho first proved that only primes of the form $4k+1$ divide odd integers of the form $n^2+1$? A4pquestion/8297.htmlWhat did scientists think was the function of breathing before the discovery of atmospheric gases? A4rquestion/8299.htmlOverflow behavior in turn counters of Odhner-style arithmometers A*0question/83.htmlWhat were the dominant non-atomic theories of matter in the 19th century? A4question/8302.htmlOrigin of the Heaviside function? A4squestion/8304.htmlThe "Universal Information Society" of the XIX century? A4tquestion/8305.htmlWhat experiments led to the sign of the electron's charge? A4uquestion/8306.htmlWho developed The Fundamental Theorem of Curves A4vquestion/8307.htmlWhich book covers topology historically? A4wquestion/8315.htmlWhen did the research field of Astrophysics begin? A4xquestion/8317.htmlDid the Idea of Universal Gravitation predate Newton? A4yquestion/8318.htmlOrigin of "bootstrapping" in mathematical logic A4zquestion/8327.htmlWhy didn't Lorentz conclude that no object can go faster than light? A4{question/8331.htmlWhy are there 24 hours in a day? A4|question/8332.htmlExamples of papers co-authored by parent/child, or siblings A4}question/8339.htmlIs it the 'd' or 'D' operator? A4~question/8342.htmlHow - Historically- René Descartes works affect the invention of calculus? A4question/8343.htmlWhat is the earliest instance of the use of an algorithm to solve problems? A4question/8346.htmlHow did early physicists experimentally assign electronic transitions in atoms? A4question/8350.htmlWhat technologies were used before JavaScript? A4question/8353.htmlIs there a name for the idea that the limitations on the accuracy of a model depend on the point of view of the observer? A4question/8355.htmlWho did the drawings in Hilbert's and Cohn-Vossen's "Anschauliche Geometrie"? A4question/8359.htmlIn left- or right-rotation for arrays, where did those conventions for the directions come from? A4question/8360.htmlLooking for references to an experiment on the evaporation rate of water in sunlight A4question/8361.htmlDoes the “O” in the google doodle for Olga Ladyzhenskaya have anything to do with her work? A4question/8364.htmlHow was the notion of the metacenter of a floating body discovered? A4question/8366.htmlHas a stereotypical "mad scientist" ever made a significant discovery? A5question/8367.htmlCan anybody identify an appropriate radio for this game? A4question/8369.htmlWhat calculation did Halley or anyone else do to estimate the effects of Jupiter and Saturn on Halley's comet's return in 1758/9? A4question/8376.htmlWhat theorem of Sophus Lie on the number of geometries is H. Poincaré referring to? A4question/8378.htmlDid old Crookes Radiometers ever have a pair of terminals? A4question/8381.htmlWho achieved the analytic continuation of the Gamma function? A4question/8383.htmlDid the death of Archimedes mark the turning point of the golden age of Greek science A4question/8387.htmlIs the anecdote about Niels Bohr keeping a horseshoe on his door true? A4question/8390.htmlWas multivariable calculus particularly prominent in Italy? A4question/8391.htmlCan we fairly assess Ada Lovelace's talent for mathematics? A4question/8393.htmlDid Cambridge change their BSc policy for Ramanujan? A4question/8395.htmlHow long would it have taken Cole to multiply the factors of $M_{67}$ on a blackboard? A4question/8398.htmlWhich is the physical interpretation of the "strange" constant $e \cdot c/ 4 \pi$? A4question/8399.htmlWhy does Michael Stifel's version of Pascal's Triangle look the way it does? A4question/8400.htmlWhat made Euclid/Heron define line as a length without breadth and point as that which has no part? A4question/8405.htmlRemarkable numerical calculations before electronic computers A4question/8409.htmlHistory of various definitions of topology A4question/8411.htmlIs Newton going to be the new Aristotle? A4question/8416.htmlWhere to find some early discussions of the Equinox(es)? A4question/8417.htmlHow long has the order of priority of arithmetical operations been widely taught in high schools? A4question/8419.htmlWhy was the 'differential entropy' from information theory so named? A4question/8421.htmlWhich kinds of academic revolutions has philosophy of science indentified so far and when? A4question/8423.htmlMeaning of a cryptic sentence by Gauss on "the mobility of figures in the hyperbolic plane" A4question/8424.htmlWho are the top mathematicians who were ignored due to their unconventional approach? A4question/8430.htmlDoes anyone know articles or books about what the notion of difficulty in science, especially physics? A4question/8431.htmlWhat's that on Euler's head? Does the head covering shown in Emanuel Handmann 1753 painting signify scholarship? A4question/8432.htmlDid Bohr comment on Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics? A4question/8434.htmlHow did Einstein know the Avogadro Number? A4question/8436.htmlWhat is the origin of Arabic numerals A4question/8438.htmlWhy is there little scholarship devoted to Book II of Newton's Principia? A4question/8439.htmlThe minimax theorem from 1928 to 1956 A5question/8443.htmlHow did Cassini measure the "Cassini state" of the Moon? What measurements were made; what did the data look like? A4question/8448.htmlOld geometry terminology A4question/8450.htmlHow was the value of the electron's spin ($\pm \frac{\hbar}{2}$) first determined? A4question/8452.htmlWho are credited for angle transformation formulae and law of sines in trignometry A4question/8455.htmlWas there early opposition to Newton's mechanics? A4question/8458.htmlWho is credited for formalising the theory of isomorphisms? A4question/8460.htmlEquivalence principle before Einstein A4question/8467.htmlOrigin and use of the adjective "improper" in mathematics A4question/8473.htmlWhat is the origin of the four cardinal directions (North, East, South, and West)? A4question/8474.htmlUsing paper of known density to calculate area under a curve A4question/8478.htmlHow did philosophers and scientists in the 18th century view mathematical explanation? A4question/8479.htmlHistory of a contour integral method for summing series A4question/8480.htmlWhat actually led Feynman to the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics? A4question/8481.htmlWho introduced concept of capacitance matrix A4question/8485.htmlIntroduction of shape parameters in the formulation of probability distribution A4question/8486.htmlWhen did the term "order" come into use as the highest exponent in an expansion? A4question/8487.htmlWere notable physicists great at math or computing? A4question/8488.htmlWhen were vectors invented? A4question/8491.htmlThe convention for speakers to refer to themselves at the board with a single initial A4question/8492.htmlWhat was the structure of first course in sociology? A4question/8497.htmlWhat are some good books on history of mathematical thought? A*1question/85.htmlWhen did the Fields Medal get considered as the Nobel for math? A4question/8500.htmlApparent contradiction in Copernicus' Commentariolus A4question/8503.htmlMaterial on the History of Mathematical Spaces A4question/8504.htmlBainbridge's test of mass-energy equivalence A4question/8509.htmlWhere did Ptolemy compare the Earth to the distance of fixed stars? A4question/8515.htmlWhen did people start to state and justify properties of arithmetical operations? A4question/8517.htmlMellin's original paper on his transform A4question/8518.htmlHow was Lagrange appointed professor of mathematics so early? A* question/9.htmlWhy was Évariste Galois killed? A*3question/94.htmlEarly history of the phase concept in the physical sciences A4question/9524.htmlHydrogen electrode and its electrode potential A4question/9525.htmlInfluence of Poincaré on Julia and Fatou A4question/9529.htmlHow did the obelus ÷ come to stand for division? A4question/9531.htmlWhat were the typical ways students were taught the elements when it remained the prime textbook of mathematics? A4question/9533.htmlWhen Indian mathematicians learn of Euclid's Elements? A5question/9536.htmlWhen did stoichiometry begin to be taught in U.S. high schools? A4question/9539.htmlHow is the word kernel associated with distributions? A5+question/9545.htmlWhy is the representation of the direction of the x and y axes in two dimensions different than in three dimensions? A4question/9561.htmlHow was it discovered in the 19th century that electric or magnetic forces were not instantaneous? A4question/9564.htmlWhat is the origin of Zodiac (Kaalachakra) signs? A4question/9567.htmlWhen was 4D space "conceived of"? A4question/9570.htmlRefraction in Newton's Corpuscular Theory of Light A5question/9574.htmlWhy would Margaret Hamilton and her team at NASA print the code on paper? A4question/9575.htmlWhat is the status of the three crises in the history of mathematics? A4question/9580.htmlWhat was the notion of limit that Newton used? A4question/9582.htmlDoes Galileo's method of tracing a parabola actually work? A4question/9585.htmlWhat are the references for Riemann's discussion of gravity? A4question/9588.htmlWhat was Isaac Newton's contribution to optics? A4question/9593.htmlWhere can I find sources for Gergonne's research on the fundamental relations among classes? A4question/9594.html$[\operatorname{Cos}(x)+i\operatorname{Sin}(x)]\cdot[\operatorname{Cos}(y)+i\operatorname{Sin}(y)]=\operatorname{Cos}(x+y)+i\operatorname{Sin}(x+y)$ A4question/9596.htmlWho introduced cylindrical coordinates? A*2question/96.htmlHow and when was Bolzano's proof of the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem rediscovered? A4question/9600.htmlDid knowledge of astronomy spread among Indo-European civilizations in antiquity? A4question/9605.htmlWhen and why was the symbol w introduced for biological fitness A4question/9606.htmlHow was logarithm discovered? A5question/9612.htmlWhat animals or plants were used to illustrate ideas of physics? A5_question/9615.htmlUsage of reverse side of circular slide rule A5question/9617.htmlRobert Boyle discovery of electricity A5question/9618.htmlIs using ~ for “approximately equal” a relic of the typewriter and ASCII era? A5question/9620.htmlCharles du fay experiment A5question/9627.htmlWhy is Robinson arithmetic "Q"? A5question/9631.htmlHow did Henry Cavendish deduce the inverse square law in electrostatics from his experiment in 1772? A5question/9634.htmlElectric spark discovery A5question/9638.htmlKite experiment A5 question/9641.htmlWater conductivity discovery A5 question/9642.htmlWho first "depressed" the cubic equation? A5 question/9646.htmlFeynman story: providing two different explanations for the same phenomenon A5 question/9649.htmlHow did Francis Hauksbee know that mercury would glow in his electrostatic generator? A5 question/9650.htmlEuler's Derivation of Euler's Method for ODEs A5question/9654.htmlWho changed $i$ to $j$ in electronics? A5question/9656.htmlWhen did trigonometry move away from treating chord as primitive? A5question/9657.htmlNotable theories on the far side of the moon pre 1959 A5question/9658.htmlHistory behind the word pressure A5question/9659.htmlGalileo discovery of vacuum A5question/9662.htmlWhere in Gauss's nachlass did he pose the problem of connectedness of a surface? A5^question/9663.htmlWhat does it mean by "d-ism of Leibniz" and "dotage of Newton" in simple English? A5question/9667.htmlIs it true Einstein doubted relativity near the end of his life? A5question/9671.htmlWhat are the great works of Richard Phillips Feynman? A5question/9672.htmlI am searching for a book of this form and content, is there any? A5question/9674.htmlTorricellis invention of barometer A5question/9679.htmlHow has the estimate of the number of stars in the universe changed over time? A5question/9681.htmlWhich is the earliest written record of hexagonal tesselation of the plane? A5question/9686.htmlWhy did Schrödinger write a letter to Einstein “apologizing profusely for his duplicity”? A5question/9691.htmlWho were the other European astronomers who identified new stars around the time of Tycho Brahe? A5kquestion/9694.htmlWhich physicist is this quote attributed to? A5question/9698.htmlHow did Newton measure forces in his experiments to establish the laws of motion? A5question/9699.htmlDid John von Neumann ever go to any Nordic Country? Did Eugene Paul Wigner ever go to any other Nordic Country apart from Sweden? A*4question/97.htmlHow did Sedgwick explain the succession of species? A5 question/9703.htmlWhy is the meaning of "linear" different in school and college use? A5!question/9710.htmlWho first defined polynomials as sequences? A5"question/9711.htmlWere tables of square roots ever in use? A5#question/9716.htmlWho coined the term random variable? A5$question/9717.htmlHow were negative numbers first used in physics? A5%question/9721.htmlWas the continuum hypothesis commonly believed to be independent before Cohen's proof? A5&question/9727.htmlAre there any sources of mathematicians talking about their research methods? A5'question/9728.htmlDiscovery of Suction pump A5(question/9732.htmlCtesibius discovery of compressed air A5)question/9736.htmlThe relationship between solvability of ruler and compass problems and solvability of algebraic equations by radicals A5*question/9742.htmlWhat triggered jesuits' ban on infinitesimals in 1632? A5-question/9746.htmlWas Lord Kelvin at any point a proponent of vitalism? A5,question/9755.htmlWhat are the principles of historiography of science? A5.question/9756.htmlEntry in Gauss' Mathematisches Tagebuch (Mathematical Diary) A5/question/9758.htmlWhen and how did the notion/idea of physical constant emerge? A50question/9760.htmlAre Wheeler's It from Bit/Participatory Universe and the Multiverse related? A51question/9762.htmlWho came up with the convolution theorem? A52question/9765.htmlHow did the use of the word "origin" become commonplace in geometry? A54question/9766.htmlThe origin of F=ma A53question/9767.htmlDid Newton already have F= ma (or equivalent) before finding his gravity equations? A55question/9769.htmlWhat if Newton's bucket had been a sphere? A56question/9770.htmlWhat are some of the unsolved mathematical problems posed and stated clearly prior to the year 1900? A57question/9772.htmlWhat was Havil's source for the statement that G.H. Hardy would offer his Savillian chair to whoever could prove $\gamma$ irrational? A58question/9776.htmlSeveral questions about Gauss's contributions to observational astronomy A5question/9777.htmlWhy are "join" and "meet" named as they are? A59question/9782.htmlLogarithm tables vs multiplication tables A5:question/9785.htmlGreat scientists with chaotic private lives A5;question/9787.htmlSource of claim that Leibniz discovered separation of variables for ODEs in 1691? A5<question/9789.htmlSource for Felix Klein quote about curves A5=question/9790.htmlOn the origin of the concept of aliasing & the Discrete Fourier Transform frequency axis A5>question/9791.htmlWere ancient Romans so bad at computations before Arab numerals? A5?question/9792.htmlCircular reasoning in Eratosthenes's measurement of the Earth's circumference A5@question/9796.htmlFirst occurrence of the Bloch sphere in the scientific literature A5Aquestion/9799.htmlWere people aware of the "mistakes" in Euclid's Elements before the start of the formalization of Mathematics? A*6question/98.htmlWas evolution ever discussed (perhaps using different terms) prior to Darwin? A5Bquestion/9802.htmlHow did Newton come up with mass terms in his gravitation formula and then what led to a confusion between inertial and gravitational mass? A5Cquestion/9808.htmlWho discovered Maxwell-Faraday equation, $\nabla\times E=-\frac{\partial B}{\partial t}$? Was it Maxwell or Neumann? A5Dquestion/9809.htmlLooking for a specific story about young Stephen Hawking A5Equestion/9812.htmlInvention of the SI unit of plane angle:Radian A5Fquestion/9814.htmlScientists who made a mark in the world despite their disabilities A5Gquestion/9823.htmlWhat problem led to the discovery of Calculus? A5Hquestion/9824.htmlSource for this story about Einstein learning algebra from his uncle A5Iquestion/9828.htmlHow did J. J. Thomson establish the particle nature of the electron? A5Jquestion/9831.htmlWas there a more intuitive early proof of the generalized mean value theorem? A5Kquestion/9833.htmlWhat was this experiment tainted by the observer effect? A5Lquestion/9834.htmlDifference between Perrin's and J. J. Thomson's experiment A5Mquestion/9836.htmlHow did Gibbs discover Gibbs entropy? A5Nquestion/9838.htmlDoes Heliocentrism predate Copernicus? A5Oquestion/9845.htmlIs there any general difference between British, French and German mathematicians? A5Pquestion/9849.htmlWhen/Why did Septagon change to Heptagon? A5Qquestion/9851.htmlOn the history of Haar measure A5Rquestion/9853.htmlWhat is the idea behind Maxwell's "displacement current" in electromagnetism? A5Squestion/9860.htmlWho invented the gradient descent algorithm? A5Tquestion/9864.htmlWhy was Indicial equations named so? A5Uquestion/9866.htmlIs there a biography of Robert Risch? A5Vquestion/9871.htmlHow was this equation for pi derived by Ramanujan? A5Wquestion/9875.htmlDid physicist David Bohm ever propose the existence of a multiverse? A5Xquestion/9877.htmlFoucault pendulum historical question A5Yquestion/9880.htmlOn Trigonometric Methods Available to Aristarchus A5Zquestion/9881.htmlDid Wheeler ever propose the existence of a multiverse containing parallel simultaneous universes? A5[question/9882.htmlConventional orientation of axes in scientific plots A5\question/9883.htmlTextbooks used by Oliver Heaviside A5]question/9884.htmlWhere in Gauss's nachlass apears his sketch of a geometric proof for the biquadratic reciprocity law? A5bquestion/9885.htmlI want to know the source of why Archimedes' broken chord theorem is Archimedes good A5fquestion/9886.htmlDimension of the candela unit: What does J stand for? A5`question/9890.htmlOrigin of mechanical work before work energy theorem A5aquestion/9892.htmlWhat did people mean by the term Force in earlier times? A5tquestion/9893.htmlWhere did the notation for dimensions of a quantity come from? A5cquestion/9894.htmlHow did Bishop Francis Godwin Know About Mass and Gravity Pre-Newton? A5dquestion/9897.htmlDid Descartes leave solving the quintic as an exercise to his readers? A5equestion/9899.htmlDid the principles of celestial mechanics affect the development of electromagnetism? A5question/9902.htmlWhat is the origin of the Chinese Stick Multiplication method? A5gquestion/9908.htmlTwo questions about Gauss's contributions to capillarity and the calculus of variations A5hquestion/9910.htmlWhat is Poincare's "Fourth Geometry"? A5iquestion/9912.htmlHow did Hardy and Littlewood formulate the k-tuple conjecture? A5jquestion/9913.htmlDid anyone with formal medical education become a known theoretical physicist? A5lquestion/9914.htmlAsymptotically Periodic Potentials A5mquestion/9916.htmlDid Isaac Barrow also discover the other thing about the inverse relation between area and tangent? A5nquestion/9919.htmlReference for history of physics with description of mathematical models A5oquestion/9920.htmlOrigin of the "law of quadratic reciprocity" A5pquestion/9921.htmlHow did Milton Babitt teach math at Princeton and research math, without an undergraduate degree in math? A5qquestion/9927.htmlDoes anyone know of any examples of the Magnus effect in a real battle? A5rquestion/9929.htmlHow did Hagoromo Fulltouch chalk gain so much popularity among mathematicians in the West? A5question/9931.htmlWhere did the false "equal transit-time" explanation of lift originate from? A5squestion/9938.htmlDid Ostrogradsky dismiss Lobachevsky's book on non-Euclidean geometry "because the world is obviously Euclidean"? A5question/9940.htmlWhy was 'ordinate' adopted to signify y-coordinate? A5uquestion/9942.htmlWhen was it found that a function could be decomposed as a sum of even and odd functions? A5vquestion/9943.htmlDid Werner Heisenberg ever agree or propose the existence of some kind of multiverse? A5wquestion/9944.htmlWhy 1 was source of numbers even though ancient Greeks knew about irrational number? A5xquestion/9948.htmlReference Request: Comment about Contradictions Proof Method Related to John G. Thompson A5yquestion/9949.htmlFeynman's statement about the importance of basic science A5zquestion/9950.htmlNewton's calculus and the binomial theorem A5{question/9954.htmlI can't comprehend the sentence in Euclid Elements A5|question/9961.htmlWhat was the "libration of Pallas" that Gauss studied, when Pallas is not a moon of Jupiter? A5}question/9963.htmlDid Paul Dirac believe in multiple universes? A5~question/9964.htmlEarliest use of the word 'polytropic' to describe an equation of state or process A5question/9966.htmlFrom where the so-named "elastica problem" is coming from? 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