\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- @c %**start of header @setfilename latex.info @settitle Online Documentation for LaTeX @c %**end of header @iftex @finalout @end iftex @ifinfo @paragraphindent 0 @end ifinfo @titlepage @sp 8 @center @titlefont{Online LaTeX Help} @sp 2 @center Version 1.0 @center 15.6.92 @sp 2 @center Stefan Steffens @end titlepage @headings double @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) @unnumbered Online LaTeX Help @noindent This is Version 1.0 of the @cite{Online LaTeX Help}, dating 15.6.92 @refill @cite{Online LaTeX Help} is heavily based on the LaTeX library for VMS-Help which is part of DECUS TeX Distribution of August 1990. Unfortunately, its author is nowhere mentioned, so I cannot pay tribute to him...@refill The @cite{Online LaTeX Help} is supposed to serve the TeX community as an online reference to all LaTeX commands and style files. Needless to say that it is far from complete yet (at least as far as the style files are concerned), so please send any bug reports, comments, additions, etc. to@refill @c @example Stefan Steffens (steffens@@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de) Zentrum fuer Datenverarbeitung Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz Bundesrepublik Deutschland @end example @noindent The first part of the master menu lists the major nodes in this Info document. The Detailed Node Listing lists all the lower level nodes in the document. @menu * Introduction:: Introduction * Styles and Options:: Document Styles and Style Options * Commands:: Commands --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Document Styles and Style Options * Supported Styles:: Supported Styles * Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options Commands * Counters:: Counters * Cross References:: Cross References * Definitions:: Definitions * Page layout:: Page layout * Environments:: Environments * Footnotes:: Footnotes * Lengths:: Lengths * Letters:: Letters * Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking * Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs * Math Formulas:: Math Formulas * Modes:: Modes * Page Styles:: Page Styles * Sectioning:: Sectioning * Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes * Special Characters:: Special Characters * Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input * Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending * Table of Contents:: Table of Contents * Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output * Typefaces:: Typefaces Counters * \addtocounter:: \addtocounter * \alph:: \alph * \arabic:: \arabic * \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol * \newcounter:: \newcounter * \roman:: \roman * \setcounter:: \setcounter * \usecounter:: \usecounter * \value:: \value Cross References * \label:: \label * \pageref:: \pageref * \ref:: \ref Definitions * \newcommand:: \newcommand * \newenvironment:: \newenvironment * \newtheorem:: \newtheorem * \newfont:: \newfont Page layout * \flushbottom:: \flushbottom * \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom * \onecolumn:: \onecolumn * \twocolumn:: \twocolumn Environments * array:: array * center:: center * \centering:: \centering * description:: description * enumerate:: enumerate * eqnarray:: eqnarray * equation:: equation * figure:: figure * flushleft:: flushleft * \raggedright:: \raggedright * flushright:: flushright * \raggedleft:: \raggedleft * itemize:: itemize * list:: list * minipage:: minipage * picture:: picture * quotation:: quotation * quote:: quote * tabbing:: tabbing * table:: table * tabular:: tabular * thebibliography:: thebibliography * theorem:: theorem * titlepage:: titlepage * verbatim:: verbatim * verse:: verse picture * \circle (picture):: \circle * \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox * \frame (picture):: \frame * \framebox (picture):: \framebox * \line (picture):: \line * \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness * \makebox (picture):: \makebox * \multiput (picture):: \multiput * \oval (picture):: \oval * \put (picture):: \put * \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack * \vector (picture):: \vector tabbing * \= (tabbing):: \= * \> (tabbing):: \> * \< (tabbing):: \< * \+ (tabbing):: \+ * \- (tabbing):: \- * \' (tabbing):: \' * \` (tabbing):: \` * \kill (tabbing):: \kill tabular * \cline:: \cline * \hline:: \hline * \multicolumn:: \multicolumn * \vline:: \vline thebibliography * \bibitem:: \bibitem * \cite:: \cite * \nocite:: \nocite verbatim * \verb:: \verb Footnotes * \footnote:: \footnote * \footnotemark:: \footnotemark * \footnotetext:: \footnotetext Lengths * \newlength:: \newlength * \setlength:: \setlength * \addtolength:: \addtolength * \settowidth:: \settowidth Letters * Declarations:: Declarations * \opening:: \opening * \closing:: \closing \address * \signature:: \signature * \location:: \location * \telephone:: \telephone Line and Page Breaking * \\:: \\ * \-:: Hypenation Aid \- * \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage * \clearpage:: \clearpage * \hyphenation:: \hyphenation * \linebreak:: \linebreak * \newline:: \newline * \newpage:: \newpage * \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak * \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak * \pagebreak:: \pagebreak Making Paragraphs * \indent:: \indent * \noindent:: \noindent * \par:: \par Math Formulas * Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts * Math Symbols:: Math Symbols * Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode * Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany Math Miscellany * \cdots:: \cdots * \ddots:: \ddots * \frac:: \frac * \ldots:: \ldots * \overbrace:: \overbrace * \overline:: \overline * \sqrt:: \sqrt * \underbrace:: \underbrace * \underline:: \underline * \vdots:: \vdots Page Styles * \maketitle:: \maketitle * \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering * \pagestyle:: \pagestyle * \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle \maketitle * \author:: \author * \date:: \date * \thanks:: \thanks * \title:: \title \pagestyle * \mark:: \mark Sectioning * \appendix:: \appendix Spaces and Boxes * \addvspace:: \addvspace * \bigskip:: \bigskip * \dotfill:: \dotfill * \fbox:: \fbox * \framebox:: \framebox * \hfill:: \hfill * \hrulefill :: \hrulefill * \hspace:: \hspace * \makebox:: \makebox * \mbox:: \mbox * \medskip:: \medskip * \newsavebox:: \newsavebox * \parbox:: \parbox * \raisebox:: \raisebox * \rule:: \rule * \savebox:: \savebox * \smallskip:: \smallskip * \usebox:: \usebox * \vfill:: \vfill * \vspace:: \vspace Special Characters * Accents:: Accents * German Special Characters:: German Special Characters @end menu @node Introduction, Styles and Options, Top, Top @chapter Introduction @noindent The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces two files as output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices, and a `transcript' or `log file' that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. @refill @noindent For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. @refill @noindent For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. @refill @noindent A german language introduction to LaTeX is available as "LaTeX -- eine Einfuehrung" by H. Kopka, published by Addison-Wesley. @node Styles and Options, Commands, Introduction, Top @chapter Document Styles and Style Options @noindent Valid LaTeX document styles include: @itemize @item article @item report @item letter @item book @end itemize @noindent They are selected with the following command: @example \documentstyle[options]@{style@} @end example @noindent The standard options for the different styles are: @table @asis @item article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno @item report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno @item book: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno @item letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno @end table @noindent If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma -- BUT DO NOT INSERT ANY SPACES! @refill @menu * Supported Styles:: Supported Styles * Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options @end menu @node Supported Styles, Supported Style Options, , Styles and Options @section Supported Styles @node Supported Style Options, , Supported Styles, Styles and Options @section Supported Style Options @node Commands, , Styles and Options, Top @chapter Commands @noindent A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments contained in braces @{@} are required. @refill @noindent Several commands have an optional * form. @refill @noindent NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @menu * Counters:: Counters * Cross References:: Cross References * Definitions:: Definitions * Page layout:: Page layout * Environments:: Environments * Footnotes:: Footnotes * Lengths:: Lengths * Letters:: Letters * Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking * Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs * Math Formulas:: Math Formulas * Modes:: Modes * Page Styles:: Page Styles * Sectioning:: Sectioning * Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes * Special Characters:: Special Characters * Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input * Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending * Table of Contents:: Table of Contents * Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output * Typefaces:: Typefaces @end menu @node Counters, Cross References, , Commands @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Counters @noindent Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering. @refill @example part part figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection @end example @menu * \addtocounter:: \addtocounter * \alph:: \alph * \arabic:: \arabic * \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol * \newcounter:: \newcounter * \roman:: \roman * \setcounter:: \setcounter * \usecounter:: \usecounter * \value:: \value @end menu @node \addtocounter, \alph, , Counters @subsection \addtocounter @noindent Syntax: @example \addtocounter@{counter@}@{value@} @end example @noindent The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. @refill @node \alph, \arabic, \addtocounter, Counters @subsection \alph @noindent Syntax: @example \alph@{counter@} @end example @noindent This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters, e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g. A, B, C... @refill @node \arabic, \fnsymbol, \alph, Counters @subsection \arabic @noindent Syntax: @example \arabic@{counter@} @end example @noindent The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in arabic numbers, e.g. 3. @refill @node \fnsymbol, \newcounter, \arabic, Counters @subsection \fnsymbol @noindent Syntax: @example \fnsymbol@{counter@} @end example @noindent The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes. @refill @node \newcounter, \roman, \fnsymbol, Counters @subsection \newcounter @noindent Syntax: @example \newcounter@{foo@}[counter] @end example @noindent The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented. @refill @node \roman, \setcounter, \newcounter, Counters @subsection \roman @noindent Syntax: @example \roman@{counter@} @end example @noindent This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, e.g. I, II, III... @refill @node \setcounter, \usecounter, \roman, Counters @subsection \setcounter @noindent Syntax: @example \setcounter@{counter@}@{value@} @end example @noindent The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified by the value argument. @refill @node \usecounter, \value, \setcounter, Counters @subsection \usecounter @noindent Syntax: @example \usecounter@{counter@} @end example @noindent The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items. @refill @node \value, , \usecounter, Counters @subsection \value @noindent Syntax: @example \value@{counter@} @end example @noindent The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in \hspace@{\value@{foo@}\parindent@} @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @node Cross References, Definitions, Counters, Commands @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Cross References @noindent One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." @refill @menu * \label:: \label * \pageref:: \pageref * \ref:: \ref @end menu @node \label, \pageref, , Cross References @subsection \label @noindent Syntax: @example \label@{key@} @end example @noindent A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment (i.e. table, figure and equation) assigns that number to the key. @refill @noindent A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. @refill @node \pageref, \ref, \label, Cross References @subsection \pageref @noindent Syntax: @example \pageref@{key@} @end example @noindent The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding \label command appears. @refill @node \ref, , \pageref, Cross References @subsection \ref @noindent Syntax: @example \ref@{key@} @end example @noindent The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation number,@... of the corresponding \label command. @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @node Definitions, Page layout, Cross References, Commands @section Definitions @menu * \newcommand:: \newcommand * \newenvironment:: \newenvironment * \newtheorem:: \newtheorem * \newfont:: \newfont @end menu @node \newcommand, \newenvironment, , Definitions @subsection \newcommand @noindent Syntax: @example \newcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@} \renewcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@} @end example @noindent These commands define (or redefine) a command. @table @code @item cmd A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must already be defined. @refill @item args An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments. @refill @item def The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. @refill @end table @node \newenvironment, \newtheorem, \newcommand, Definitions @subsection \newenvironment @noindent Syntax: @example \newenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@} \renewenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@} @end example @noindent These commands define or redefine an environment. @table @code @item nam The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must already be defined. @refill @item args An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. @refill @item begdef The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin@{name@}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. @refill @item enddef The text substituted for every occurrence of \end@{nam@}. It may not contain any argument parameters. @refill @end table @node \newtheorem, \newfont, \newenvironment, Definitions @subsection \newtheorem @noindent Syntax: @example \newtheorem@{env_name@}@{caption@}[within] \newtheorem@{env_name@}[numbered_like]@{caption@} @end example @noindent This command defines a theorem-like environment. @table @code @item env_name The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter. @refill @item caption The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the number. @refill @item within The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the sectional unit. @refill @item numbered_like The name of an already defined theorem-like environment. @end table @noindent The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. @node \newfont, , \newtheorem, Definitions @subsection \newfont @noindent Syntax: @example \newfont@{cmd@}@{font_name@} @end example @noindent Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current font. @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @node Page layout, Environments, Definitions, Commands @section Page layout @noindent For further information @ref{Page Styles} and @ref{Document Styles and Style Options}. @refill @menu * \flushbottom:: \flushbottom * \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom * \onecolumn:: \onecolumn * \twocolumn:: \twocolumn @end menu @node \flushbottom, \raggedbottom, , Page layout @subsection \flushbottom @noindent The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. @refill @node \raggedbottom, \onecolumn, \flushbottom, Page layout @subsection \raggedbottom @node \onecolumn, \twocolumn, \raggedbottom, Page layout @subsection \onecolumn @noindent The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. @refill @node \twocolumn, , \onecolumn, Page layout @subsection \twocolumn @noindent The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @node Environments, Footnotes, Page layout, Commands @section Environments @noindent LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. @refill @example \begin@{environment-name@} . . . \end@{environment-name@} @end example @menu * array:: array * center:: center * \centering:: \centering * description:: description * enumerate:: enumerate * eqnarray:: eqnarray * equation:: equation * figure:: figure * flushleft:: flushleft * \raggedright:: \raggedright * flushright:: flushright * \raggedleft:: \raggedleft * itemize:: itemize * list:: list * minipage:: minipage * picture:: picture * quotation:: quotation * quote:: quote * tabbing:: tabbing * table:: table * tabular:: tabular * thebibliography:: thebibliography * theorem:: theorem * titlepage:: titlepage * verbatim:: verbatim * verse:: verse @end menu @node array, center, , Environments @subsection array @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{array@}@{col1col2...coln@} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end@{array@} @end example @noindent Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted. @refill @table @code @item c for centered @item l for flushleft @item r for flushright @end table @noindent Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a \\. @refill @node center, \centering, array, Environments @subsection center @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{center@} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end@{center@} @end example @noindent The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. @refill @node \centering, description, center, Environments @subsection \centering @noindent This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. @refill @noindent Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill @node description, enumerate, \centering, Environments @subsection description @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{description@} \item[label] First item \item[label] Second item . . . \end@{description@} @end example @noindent The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is bold face and flushed right. @refill @node enumerate, eqnarray, description, Environments @subsection enumerate @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{enumerate@} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end@{enumerate@} @end example @noindent The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill @noindent Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There must be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill @node eqnarray, equation, enumerate, Environments @subsection eqnarray @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{eqnarray@} math formula 1 \\ math formula 2 \\ . . . \end@{eqnarray@} @end example @noindent The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. @refill @node equation, figure, eqnarray, Environments @subsection equation @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{equation@} math formula \end@{equation@} @end example @noindent The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places the equation number in the right margin. @refill @node figure, flushleft, equation, Environments @subsection figure @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{figure@}[placement] body of the figure \caption@{figure title@} \end@{figure@} @end example @noindent Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages. @refill @noindent The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: @refill @table @code @item h Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. @refill @item t Top - at the top of a text page. @refill @item b Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill @item p Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. @refill @end table @noindent The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill @noindent The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. @refill @node flushleft, \raggedright, figure, Environments @subsection flushleft @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{flushleft@} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end@{flushleft@} @end example @noindent The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\. @refill @node \raggedright, flushright, flushleft, Environments @subsection \raggedright @noindent This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. @refill @noindent Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill @node flushright, \raggedleft, \raggedright, Environments @subsection flushright @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{flushright@} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end@{flushright@} @end example @noindent The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\. @refill @node \raggedleft, itemize, flushright, Environments @subsection \raggedleft @noindent This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. @refill @noindent Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill @node itemize, list, \raggedleft, Environments @subsection itemize @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{itemize@} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end@{itemize@} @end example @noindent The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill @noindent Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill @node list, minipage, itemize, Environments @subsection list @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{list@}@{label@}@{spacing@} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end@{list@} @end example @noindent The @{label@} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. @refill @noindent The @{spacing@} argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. @{@}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most cases. @refill @node minipage, picture, list, Environments @subsection minipage @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{minipage@}[position]@{width@} text \end@{minipage@} @end example @noindent The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. @refill @noindent Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. @refill @noindent NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. @refill @node picture, quotation, minipage, Environments @subsection picture @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{picture@}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) . picture commands . \end@{picture@} @end example @noindent The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment. @refill @noindent A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. @refill @noindent The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates. @refill @noindent The picture environment also has an optional position argument, following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command @refill @example \begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20) @end example @noindent produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. @refill @noindent The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. @refill @noindent Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command @refill @example \put (11.3,-.3)@{ ... @} @end example @noindent puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. @refill @noindent The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. @refill @menu * \circle (picture):: \circle * \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox * \frame (picture):: \frame * \framebox (picture):: \framebox * \line (picture):: \line * \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness * \makebox (picture):: \makebox * \multiput (picture):: \multiput * \oval (picture):: \oval * \put (picture):: \put * \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack * \vector (picture):: \vector @end menu @node \circle (picture), \dashbox (picture), , picture @subsubsection \circle @noindent Syntax: @example \circle@{diameter@} \circle*@{diameter@} @end example @noindent The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. @refill @node \dashbox (picture), \frame (picture), \circle (picture), picture @subsubsection \dashbox @noindent Syntax: @example \dashbox@{dash length@}(width,height)@{ ... @} @end example @noindent The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dash length. @refill @node \frame (picture), \framebox (picture), \dashbox (picture), picture @subsubsection \frame @noindent Syntax: @example \frame@{ ... @} @end example @noindent The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. @refill @node \framebox (picture), \line (picture), \frame (picture), picture @subsubsection \framebox @noindent Syntax: @example \framebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @} @end example @noindent The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. @refill @node \line (picture), \linethickness (picture), \framebox (picture), picture @subsubsection \line @noindent Syntax: @example \line(x slope,y slope)@{length@} @end example @noindent The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. @refill @node \linethickness (picture), \makebox (picture), \line (picture), picture @subsubsection \linethickness @noindent Syntax: @example \linethickness@{dimension@} @end example @noindent Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. @refill @node \makebox (picture), \multiput (picture), \linethickness (picture), picture @subsubsection \makebox @noindent Syntax: @example \makebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @} @end example @noindent The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height in multiples of \unitlength. @refill @noindent The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: @refill @table @code @item t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle @item b: Moves the item to the bottom @item l: Moves the item to the left @item r: Moves the item to the right @end table @node \multiput (picture), \oval (picture), \makebox (picture), picture @subsubsection \multiput @noindent Syntax: @example \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y)@{number of copies@}@{object@} @end example @noindent The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object in a regular pattern across a picture. @refill @node \oval (picture), \put (picture), \multiput (picture), picture @subsubsection \oval @noindent Syntax: @example \oval(width,height)[portion] @end example @noindent The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. @refill @table @code @item t: Selects the top portion @item b: Selects the bottom portion @item r: Selects the right portion @item l: Selects the left portion @end table @node \put (picture), \shortstack (picture), \oval (picture), picture @subsubsection \put @noindent Syntax: @example \put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @} @end example @noindent The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. @refill @node \shortstack (picture), \vector (picture), \put (picture), picture @subsubsection \shortstack @noindent Syntax: @example \shortstack[position]@{... \\ ... \\ ...@} @end example @noindent The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are: @refill @table @code @item r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack @item l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack @item c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) @end table @node \vector (picture), , \shortstack (picture), picture @subsubsection \vector @noindent Syntax: @example \vector(x slope,y slope)@{length@} @end example @noindent The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. @refill @node quotation, quote, picture, Environments @subsection quotation @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{quotation@} text \end@{quotation@} @end example @noindent The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. @refill @node quote, tabbing, quotation, Environments @subsection quote @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{quote@} text \end@{quote@} @end example @noindent The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. @refill @node tabbing, table, quote, Environments @subsection tabbing @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{tabbing@} text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ second row \> \> more \\ . . . \end@{tabbing@} @end example @noindent The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter. @refill @noindent Please note: To access accute, grave and bar accents use \a^, \a`, and \a= instead of the usual accenting commands. @refill @menu * \= (tabbing):: \= * \> (tabbing):: \> * \< (tabbing):: \< * \+ (tabbing):: \+ * \- (tabbing):: \- * \' (tabbing):: \' * \` (tabbing):: \` * \kill (tabbing):: \kill @end menu @node \= (tabbing), \> (tabbing), , tabbing @subsubsection \= @noindent The \= command sets the tab stops. @refill @node \> (tabbing), \< (tabbing), \= (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \> @noindent The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. @refill @node \< (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), \> (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \< @noindent The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local margin without changing the margin. @refill @node \+ (tabbing), \- (tabbing), \< (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \+ @noindent The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right. @refill @node \- (tabbing), \' (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \- @noindent The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left. @refill @noindent Outside the tabbing environment \- works as a hyphenation aid (see @ref{\-}). @node \' (tabbing), \` (tabbing), \- (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \' @noindent The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. @refill @node \` (tabbing), \kill (tabbing), \' (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \` @noindent The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end@{tabbing@} command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line. @refill @node \kill (tabbing), , \` (tabbing), tabbing @subsubsection \kill @noindent The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in effect. @refill @node table, tabular, tabbing, Environments @subsection table @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{table@}[placement] body of the table \caption@{table title@} \end@{table@} @end example @noindent Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages. @refill @noindent The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: @refill @table @code @item h Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears. @refill @item t Top - at the top of a text page. @refill @item b Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill @item p Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. @refill @end table @noindent The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill @noindent The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. @refill @node tabular, thebibliography, table, Environments @subsection tabular @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{tabular@}[pos]@{cols@} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end@{tabular@} or \begin@{tabular*@}@{width@}[pos]@{cols@} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end@{tabular*@} @end example @noindent These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: @refill @table @code @item width Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. @refill @item pos Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the center of the environment. @refill @end table @table @code @item t align on top row @item b align on bottom row @item cols Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. @refill @item l A column of left-aligned items. @item r A column of right-aligned items. @item c A column of centered items. @item | A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. @refill @item @{text@} This inserts text in every row. An @@-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep@{wd@} command in an @@-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @@-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an @@-expression in the cols argument. @refill @item p@{wd@} Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]@{wd@} command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: @refill @enumerate @item inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular, @refill @item inside an explicit \parbox, or @refill @item in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element. @refill @end enumerate @item *@{num@}@{cols@} Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression. @refill @end table @menu * \cline:: \cline * \hline:: \hline * \multicolumn:: \multicolumn * \vline:: \vline @end menu @node \cline, \hline, , tabular @subsubsection \cline @noindent Syntax: @example \cline@{i-j@} @end example @noindent The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified in the mandatory argument. @refill @node \hline, \multicolumn, \cline, tabular @subsubsection \hline @noindent The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the table. @refill @node \multicolumn, \vline, \hline, tabular @subsubsection \multicolumn @noindent Syntax: @example \multicolumn@{cols@}@{pos@}@{text@} @end example @noindent The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry. @refill @node \vline, , \multicolumn, tabular @subsubsection \vline @noindent The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @@-expression. @refill @node thebibliography, theorem, tabular, Environments @subsection thebibliography @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{thebibliography@}@{widest-label@} \bibitem[label]@{cite_key@} . . . \end@{thebibliography@} @end example @noindent The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". @refill @table @code @item widest-label Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. @refill @end table @menu * \bibitem:: \bibitem * \cite:: \cite * \nocite:: \nocite @end menu @node \bibitem, \cite, , thebibliography @subsubsection \bibitem @noindent Syntax: @example \bibitem[label]@{cite_key@} @end example @noindent The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this aux file is read by the \begin@{document@} command, the item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label. @refill @node \cite, \nocite, \bibitem, thebibliography @subsubsection \cite @noindent Syntax: @example \cite[text]@{key_list@} @end example @noindent The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin@{document@} command. @refill @node \nocite, , \cite, thebibliography @subsubsection \nocite @noindent Syntax: @example \nocite@{key_list@} @end example @noindent The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. @refill @node theorem, titlepage, thebibliography, Environments @subsection theorem @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{theorem@} theorem text \end@{theorem@} @end example @noindent The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text. @refill @node titlepage, verbatim, theorem, Environments @subsection titlepage @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{titlepage@} text \end@{titlepage@} @end example @noindent The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The \today command comes in handy for title pages. @refill @node verbatim, verse, titlepage, Environments @subsection verbatim @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{verbatim@} text \end@{verbatim@} @end example @noindent The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. @refill @menu * \verb:: \verb @end menu @node \verb, , , verbatim @subsubsection \verb @noindent Syntax: @example \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char @end example @noindent Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. @refill @node verse, , verbatim, Environments @subsection verse @noindent Syntax: @example \begin@{verse@} text \end@{verse@} @end example @noindent The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. @refill @c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @node Footnotes, Lengths, Environments, Commands @section Footnotes @noindent Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. @refill @menu * \footnote:: \footnote * \footnotemark:: \footnotemark * \footnotetext:: \footnotetext @end menu @node \footnote, \footnotemark, , Footnotes @subsection \footnote @noindent Syntax: @example \footnote[number]@{text@} @end example @noindent The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode. @refill @node \footnotemark, \footnotetext, \footnote, Footnotes @subsection \footnotemark @noindent The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command. @refill @node \footnotetext, , \footnotemark, Footnotes @subsection \footnotetext @noindent Syntax: @example \footnotetext[number]@{text@} @end example @noindent The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode. @refill @noindent The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number. @refill @node Lengths, Letters, Footnotes, Commands @section Lengths @noindent A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. @refill @menu * \newlength:: \newlength * \setlength:: \setlength * \addtolength:: \addtolength * \settowidth:: \settowidth @end menu @node \newlength, \setlength, , Lengths @subsection \newlength @noindent Syntax: @example \newlength@{\gnat@} @end example @noindent The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command already exists. @refill @node \setlength, \addtolength, \newlength, Lengths @subsection \setlength @noindent Syntax: @example \setlength@{\gnat@}@{length@} @end example @noindent The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. @refill @node \addtolength, \settowidth, \setlength, Lengths @subsection \addtolength @noindent Syntax: @example \addtolength@{\gnat@}@{length@} @end example @noindent The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. @node \settowidth, , \addtolength, Lengths @subsection \settowidth @noindent Syntax: @example \settowidth@{\gnat@}@{text@} @end example @noindent The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the width of the text argument. @node Letters, Line and Page Breaking, Lengths, Commands @section Letters @noindent You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire. @noindent Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum: @example \documentstyle@{letter@} \begin@{document@} ... letters ... \end@{document@} @end example @noindent Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might have @example \begin@{letter@}@{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St. \\ Oakland, CA 91123@} ... \end@{letter@} @end example @noindent The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes with a \closing command. @noindent After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. @menu * Declarations:: Declarations * \opening:: \opening * \closing:: \closing @end menu @node Declarations, \opening, , Letters @subsection Declarations @noindent The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. @subsubsection \address @noindent Syntax: @example \address@{Return address@} @end example @noindent The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @menu * \signature:: \signature * \location:: \location * \telephone:: \telephone @end menu @node \signature, \location, , Declarations @subsubsection \signature @noindent Syntax: @example \signature@{Your name@} @end example @noindent Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should be separated by \\ commands. @node \location, \telephone, \signature, Declarations @subsubsection \location @noindent Syntax: @example \location@{address@} @end example @noindent This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. @node \telephone, , \location, Declarations @subsubsection \telephone @noindent Syntax: @example \telephone@{number@} @end example @noindent This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. @node \opening, \closing, Declarations, Letters @subsection \opening @noindent Syntax: @example \opening@{text@} @end example @noindent The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. @example \opening@{Dear John,@} @end example @node \closing, , \opening, Letters @subsection \closing @noindent Syntax: @example \closing@{text@} @end example @noindent The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g. @example \closing@{Best Regards,@} @end example @node Line and Page Breaking, Making Paragraphs, Letters, Commands @section Line and Page Breaking @noindent The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you. @menu * \\:: \\ * \-:: Hypenation Aid \- * \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage * \clearpage:: \clearpage * \hyphenation:: \hyphenation * \linebreak:: \linebreak * \newline:: \newline * \newpage:: \newpage * \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak * \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak * \pagebreak:: \pagebreak @end menu @node \\, \-, , Line and Page Breaking @subsection \\ @noindent Syntax: @example \\[extra-space] \\*[extra-space] @end example @noindent The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. @noindent The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. @node \-, \cleardoublepage, \\, Line and Page Breaking @subsection Hypenation Aid \- @noindent The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases. @node \cleardoublepage, \clearpage, \-, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \cleardoublepage @noindent The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. @node \clearpage, \hyphenation, \cleardoublepage, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \clearpage @noindent The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @node \hyphenation, \linebreak, \clearpage, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \hyphenation @noindent Syntax: @example \hyphenation@{words@} @end example @noindent The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. Each grammatical form has to be specified separately. @refill @noindent These words @strong{must not} contain any special characters (e.g. \ss). @refill @node \linebreak, \newline, \hyphenation, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \linebreak @noindent Syntax: @example \linebreak[number] @end example @noindent The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. @noindent The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin. @node \newline, \newpage, \linebreak, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \newline @noindent The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline command can be used only in paragraph mode. @node \newpage, \nolinebreak, \newline, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \newpage @noindent The \newpage command ends the current page. @node \nolinebreak, \nopagebreak, \newpage, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \nolinebreak @noindent Syntax: @example \nolinebreak[number] @end example @noindent The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. @node \nopagebreak, \pagebreak, \nolinebreak, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \nopagebreak @noindent Syntax: @example \nopagebreak[number] @end example @noindent The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. @node \pagebreak, , \nopagebreak, Line and Page Breaking @subsection \pagebreak @noindent Syntax: @example \pagebreak[number] @end example @noindent The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. @node Making Paragraphs, Math Formulas, Line and Page Breaking, Commands @section Making Paragraphs @noindent A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. @menu * \indent:: \indent * \noindent:: \noindent * \par:: \par @end menu @node \indent, \noindent, , Making Paragraphs @subsection \indent @noindent This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be supressed. @refill @node \noindent, \par, \indent, Making Paragraphs @subsection \noindent @noindent When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. @refill @node \par, , \noindent, Making Paragraphs @subsection \par @noindent Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command and environment definitions easier to read. @refill @node Math Formulas, Modes, Making Paragraphs, Commands @section Math Formulas @noindent There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin. @refill @noindent The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode. These environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: @refill @example $ ... $ instead of \begin@{math@} ... \end@{math@} $$ ... $$ instead of \begin@{equation@} ... \end@{equation@} \[ ... \] instead of \begin@{displaymath@} ... \end@{displaymath@} @end example @menu * Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts * Math Symbols:: Math Symbols * Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode * Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany @end menu @node Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Symbols, , Math Formulas @subsection Subscripts and Superscripts @noindent To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _@{exp@}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^@{exp@}. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. @node Math Symbols, Spacing in Math Mode, Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Formulas @subsection Math Symbols @noindent LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output. @node Spacing in Math Mode, Math Miscellany, Math Symbols, Math Formulas @subsection Spacing in Math Mode @noindent In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: @table @code @item \; a thick space @item \: a medium space @item \, a thin space @item \! a negative thin space @end table @node Math Miscellany, , Spacing in Math Mode, Math Formulas @subsection Math Miscellany @menu * \cdots:: \cdots * \ddots:: \ddots * \frac:: \frac * \ldots:: \ldots * \overbrace:: \overbrace * \overline:: \overline * \sqrt:: \sqrt * \underbrace:: \underbrace * \underline:: \underline * \vdots:: \vdots @end menu @node \cdots, \ddots, , Math Miscellany @subsubsection \cdots @noindent The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the center of the line. @node \ddots, \frac, \cdots, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \ddots @noindent The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. @node \frac, \ldots, \ddots, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \frac @noindent Syntax: @example \frac@{num@}@{den@} @end example @noindent The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. @node \ldots, \overbrace, \frac, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \ldots @noindent The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode. @node \overbrace, \overline, \ldots, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \overbrace @noindent Syntax: @example \overbrace@{text@} @end example @noindent The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. @node \overline, \sqrt, \overbrace, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \overline @noindent Syntax: @example \overline@{text@} @end example @noindent The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. @node \sqrt, \underbrace, \overline, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \sqrt @noindent Syntax: @example \sqrt[root]@{arg@} @end example @noindent The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]@{x+y@}$. @node \underbrace, \underline, \sqrt, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \underbrace @noindent Syntax: @example \underbrace@{text@} @end example @noindent The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. @node \underline, \vdots, \underbrace, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \underline @noindent Syntax: @example \underline@{text@} @end example @noindent The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. @node \vdots, , \underline, Math Miscellany @subsubsection \vdots @noindent The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. @node Modes, Page Styles, Math Formulas, Commands @section Modes @noindent When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @itemize @item Paragraph mode @item Math mode @item Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short @end itemize @noindent LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. @noindent Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. @noindent LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called outer paragraph mode. @node Page Styles, Sectioning, Modes, Commands @section Page Styles @noindent The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @menu * \maketitle:: \maketitle * \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering * \pagestyle:: \pagestyle * \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle @end menu @node \maketitle, \pagenumbering, , Page Styles @subsection \maketitle @noindent \maketitle @noindent The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations. @menu * \author:: \author * \date:: \date * \thanks:: \thanks * \title:: \title @end menu @node \author, \date, , \maketitle @subsubsection \author @noindent Syntax: @example \author@{names@} @end example @noindent The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution or address. @node \date, \thanks, \author, \maketitle @subsubsection \date @noindent Syntax: @example \date@{text@} @end example @noindent The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date command, the current date is used. @node \thanks, \title, \date, \maketitle @subsubsection \thanks @noindent Syntax: @example \thanks@{text@} @end example @noindent The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. @node \title, , \thanks, \maketitle @subsubsection \title @noindent Syntax: @example \title@{text@} @end example @noindent The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title. @node \pagenumbering, \pagestyle, \maketitle, Page Styles @subsection \pagenumbering @noindent Syntax: @example \pagenumbering@{num_style@} @end example @noindent Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: @table @code @item arabic Arabic numerals @item roman Lowercase roman numerals @item Roman Uppercase roman numerals @item alph Lowercase letters @item Alph Uppercase letters @end table @node \pagestyle, \thispagestyle, \pagenumbering, Page Styles @subsection \pagestyle @noindent Syntax: @example \pagestyle@{option@} @end example @noindent The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your document. @refill @noindent The valid options are: @table @code @item plain Just a plain page number. @item empty Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. @item headings Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headings. @item myheadings You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or the \markright commands. @end table @menu * \mark:: \mark @end menu @node \mark, , , \pagestyle @subsubsection \mark @noindent Syntax: @example \markboth@{left head@}@{right head@} \markright@{right head@} @end example @noindent The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. @refill @node \thispagestyle, , \pagestyle, Page Styles @subsection \thispagestyle @noindent Syntax: @example \thispagestyle@{option@} @end example @noindent The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command except that it changes the style for the current page only. @node Sectioning, Spaces and Boxes, Page Styles, Commands @section Sectioning @noindent Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. @itemize @item \part @item \chapter (report and book style only) @item \section @item \subsection @item \subsubsection @item \paragraph @item \subparagraph @end itemize @noindent All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. @noindent Syntax: @example \chapter[optional]@{title@} @end example @noindent In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: @itemize @item the table of contents @item the running head at the top of the page @end itemize @noindent You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these other two purposes. @refill @noindent The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like: @refill @example \subsection*@{Example subsection@} @end example @menu * \appendix:: \appendix @end menu @node \appendix, , , Sectioning @subsection \appendix @noindent Syntax: @example \appendix @end example @noindent The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or parts. @refill @node Spaces and Boxes, Special Characters, Sectioning, Commands @section Spaces and Boxes @menu * \addvspace:: \addvspace * \bigskip:: \bigskip * \dotfill:: \dotfill * \fbox:: \fbox * \framebox:: \framebox * \hfill:: \hfill * \hrulefill :: \hrulefill * \hspace:: \hspace * \makebox:: \makebox * \mbox:: \mbox * \medskip:: \medskip * \newsavebox:: \newsavebox * \parbox:: \parbox * \raisebox:: \raisebox * \rule:: \rule * \savebox:: \savebox * \smallskip:: \smallskip * \usebox:: \usebox * \vfill:: \vfill * \vspace:: \vspace @end menu @node \addvspace, \bigskip, , Spaces and Boxes @subsection \addvspace @noindent Syntax: @example \addvspace@{length@} @end example @noindent The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length. @refill @node \bigskip, \dotfill, \addvspace, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \bigskip @noindent The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{bigskipamount@} where bigskipamount is determined by the document style. @node \dotfill, \fbox, \bigskip, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \dotfill @noindent The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead of just spaces. @node \fbox, \framebox, \dotfill, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \fbox @noindent Syntax: @example \fbox@{text@} @end example @noindent The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. @node \framebox, \hfill, \fbox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \framebox @noindent Syntax: @example \framebox[width][position]@{text@} @end example @noindent The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. @refill @noindent The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. @refill @node \hfill, \hrulefill , \framebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \hfill @noindent The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. @refill @node \hrulefill , \hspace, \hfill, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \hrulefill @noindent The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. @refill @node \hspace, \makebox, \hrulefill , Spaces and Boxes @subsection \hspace @noindent Syntax: @example \hspace@{length@} \hspace*@{length@} @end example @noindent The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. @refill @noindent LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the space is never removed. @refill @node \makebox, \mbox, \hspace, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \makebox @noindent Syntax: @example \makebox[width][position]@{text@} @end example @noindent The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument. @refill @table @code @item c centered (default) @item l flushleft @item r flushright @end table @node \mbox, \medskip, \makebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \mbox @noindent Syntax: @example \mbox@{text@} @end example @noindent The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. @refill @node \medskip, \newsavebox, \mbox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \medskip @noindent The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{medskipamount@} where medskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill @node \newsavebox, \parbox, \medskip, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \newsavebox @noindent Syntax: @example \newsavebox@{cmd@} @end example @noindent Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. @refill @node \parbox, \raisebox, \newsavebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \parbox @noindent Syntax: @example \parbox[position]@{width@}@{text@} @end example @noindent A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The \parbox has two mandatory arguments: @refill @table @asis @item width specifies the width of the parbox, and @item text the text that goes inside the parbox. @end table @noindent LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. @refill @noindent A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment. @refill @node \raisebox, \rule, \parbox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \raisebox @noindent Syntax: @example \raisebox@{distance@}[extend-above][extend-below]@{text@} @end example @noindent The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode. @refill @noindent Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. @refill @noindent The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified. @refill @node \rule, \savebox, \raisebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \rule @noindent Syntax: @example \rule[raise-height]@{width@}@{thickness@} @end example @noindent The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows. @refill @table @asis @item raise-height specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) @item width specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) @item thickness specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) @end table @node \savebox, \smallskip, \rule, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \savebox @noindent Syntax: @example \sbox@{cmd@}[text] \savebox@{cmd@}[width][pos]@{text@} @end example @noindent These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. @refill @node \smallskip, \usebox, \savebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \smallskip @noindent Syntax: @example \smallskip @end example @noindent The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{smallskipamount@} where smallskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill @node \usebox, \vfill, \smallskip, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \usebox @noindent Syntax: @example \usebox@{cmd@} @end example @noindent Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. @node \vfill, \vspace, \usebox, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \vfill @noindent The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically. @refill @node \vspace, , \vfill, Spaces and Boxes @subsection \vspace @noindent Syntax: @example \vspace@{length@} \vspace*@{length@} @end example @noindent The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command. @refill @noindent LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the space is never removed. @refill @node Special Characters, Splitting the Input, Spaces and Boxes, Commands @section Special Characters @noindent The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called special printing characters, or simply special characters. @refill @example # $ % & _ \ @{ @} ~ ^ @end example @noindent Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output. @refill @noindent Please note: \~ and \^ are accent commands; to get the accent alone, type \~@{@} and \^@{@}. @refill @noindent The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. @refill @menu * Accents:: Accents * German Special Characters:: German Special Characters @end menu @node Accents, German Special Characters, , Special Characters @subsection Accents @noindent Scholarly publications often refer to other languages, so LaTeX makes it possible to typeset the most commonly used accents: @refill @table @asis @item \` grave accent @item \' acute accent @item \^ circumflex or "hat" @item \" umlaut or dieresis @item \~ tilde or "squiggle" @item \= macron or "bar" @item \. dot (above) accent @item \u breve accent @item \v hachek or "check" @item \H long Hungarian umlaut @item \t tie-after accent @end table @noindent LaTeX also provides three accents that go underneath: @refill @table @asis @item \c cedilla @item \d dot (below) accent @item \b bar-under accent @end table @noindent And there are a few special letters: @refill @table @asis @item \oe @itemx \OE French ligature oe @item \ae @itemx \AE Latin and Scandinavian ligature ae @item \aa @itemx \AA Scandinavian A-with-circle @item \o @itemx \O Scandinavian O-with-slash @item \l @itemx \L Polish suppressed-L @item \ss German "es-zet" or sharp s @end table @node German Special Characters, , Accents, Special Characters @subsection German Special Characters @noindent For convenient input of German texts see @ref{german.sty}. @refill @node Splitting the Input, Starting and Ending, Special Characters, Commands @section Splitting the Input @noindent A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. @refill @node \include, \includeonly, , Splitting the Input @subsection \include @noindent Syntax: @example \include@{file@} @end example @noindent The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first name of a file, denoting @file{file.tex}. If file is one the file names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to @refill @example \clearpage \input@{file@} \clearpage @end example @noindent except that if the file @file{file.tex} does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. @refill @noindent The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command. @refill @node \includeonly, \input, \include, Splitting the Input @subsection \includeonly @noindent Syntax: @example \includeonly@{file_list@} @end example @noindent The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an \include command. It can only appear in the preamble. @refill @node \input, , \includeonly, Splitting the Input @subsection \input @noindent Syntax: @example \input@{file@} @end example @noindent The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file @file{file.tex} is used. @refill @node Starting and Ending, Table of Contents, Splitting the Input, Commands @section Starting and Ending @noindent Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. @example \documentstyle@{style@} \begin@{document@} ... your text goes here ... \end@{document@} @end example @noindent where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See Document Styles within this help file. @refill @noindent You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the \begin@{document@} commands. @refill @node Table of Contents, Terminal Input and Output , Starting and Ending, Commands @section Table of Contents @noindent A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command. @refill @noindent There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. @refill @noindent NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have the \nofiles command in your document. @refill @node \addcontentsline, \addtocontents, , Table of Contents @subsection \addcontentsline @noindent Syntax: @example \addcontentsline@{file@}@{sec_unit@}@{entry@} @end example @noindent The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table where @code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: @refill @itemize @item toc (table of contents), @item lof (list of figures), or @item lot (list of tables). @end itemize @noindent @code{sec_unit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: @refill @table @asis @item toc the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. @item lof figure @item lot table @end table @noindent @code{entry} is the text of the entry. @node \addtocontents, , \addcontentsline, Table of Contents @subsection \addtocontents @noindent Syntax: @example \addtocontents@{file@}@{text@} @end example @noindent The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables. @refill @noindent @code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: @itemize @item toc (table of contents), @item lof (list of figures), or @item lot (list of tables) @end itemize @noindent @code{text} is the information to be written. @node Terminal Input and Output , Typefaces, Table of Contents, Commands @section Terminal Input and Output @node \typeout, \typein, , Terminal Input and Output @subsection \typeout @noindent Syntax: @example \typeout@{msg@} @end example @noindent Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their definitions before being printed. @refill @noindent LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in msg causes a single space to be printed. @refill @node \typein, , \typeout, Terminal Input and Output @subsection \typein @noindent Syntax: @example \typein[cmd]@{msg@} @end example @noindent Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. @refill @node Typefaces, , Terminal Input and Output , Commands @section Typefaces @noindent The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is also called a font. @refill @node Styles, Sizes, , Typefaces @subsection Styles @noindent The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. @table @code @item \rm Roman. @item \it Italics. @item \em Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). @item \bf Boldface. @item \sl Slanted. @item \sf Sans serif. @item \sc Small caps. @item \tt Typewriter. @end table @noindent Since italic and slanted styles slope to the right, some letters stick into the following characters. Insert \/ at the end to correct this effect (see example below). @refill @noindent Use the type style commands always inside a group, e.g. @refill @example @{\em Emphasized Text\/@} @end example @node Sizes, , Styles, Typefaces @subsection Sizes @noindent The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. @itemize @item \tiny @item \scriptsize @item \footnotesize @item \small @item \normalsize (default) @item \large @item \Large (capital "l") @item \LARGE (all caps) @item \huge @item \Huge (capital "h") @end itemize @noindent Usually you needn't set the type size explicitly because LaTeX automatically chooses appropriate sizes. If you ever think you have to, always do it inside a group, e.g. @example @{\large large text@} @end example @bye